p ^^1^^ The article "Gl. I. Uspensky" was written in 1888 and printed in the first issue of the literary and political collection Sotsial-Demokrat published in Geneva by the Emancipation of Labour group. Besides its title, the article bore the title of the series "Our Narodnik Fiction Writers" and was marked "Article I”. At that time Plekhanov obviously intended to write the articles on Karonin and Naumov which made up that series.
_p The article is dedicated to the prominent revolutionary Narodnik Sergei Mikhailovich Kravchinsky, a writer and publicist, with whom Plekhanov was very friendly.
p p. 37
_p ^^2^^ Raznochintsi (people of different ranks and titles)—educated people who were not of noble origin; people from different social strata: the merchants, clergy, lower middle class, and peasantry.
p p. 37
p ^^3^^ Bazarov—the main character in Turgenev’s novel Fathers and Sons, a raznochinets.
_p ^^4^^ From Nekrasov’s poem "The Bear Hunt”. The term "liberal idealist" refers to the liberal nobility of the 1840s.
_p p. 38
_p ^^5^^ From Heinrich Heine’s poetical cycle Zum Lazarus.
p p. 39
_p ^^6^^ A reference to D. F. Shcheglov’s book A History of Social Systems from Antiquity to Our Days published in St. Petersburg in 1870.
_p p. 39
_p ^^7^^ Kirsanov—a character in Turgenev’s novel Fathers and Sons.
p p. 40
_p ^^8^^ A Hero of Our Time—a novel by Lermontov; Rudin, On the Eve, Fathers and Sons—novels by Turgenev.
_p p. 41
_p ^^9^^ Chatsky—the main character in Griboyedov’s comedy Wit Works Woe.
p p. 41
_p ^^10^^ Severity Vestnik (The Northern Herald)—a liberal literary, scientific and political journal published in St. Petersburg from 1885 to 1898. At first it published articles by N. K. Mikhailovsky, V. P. Vorontsov and other Narodniks. From 1891 it was the organ of the Russian Symbolists and Decadents.
_p p. 43
p ^^11^^ Mir—a village commune in Russia, a meeting of village commune members.
_p ^^12^^ G. W. F. Hegel, Vorlesungen iiber die Philosophic der Geschichte (G. W. F. Hegels Werhe, Bd. 9, Berlin, 1837, S. 75).
_p p. 51
p 44-07G6
690_p ^^13^^ G. W. F. Hegel, Vorlesungen fiber die Philosophic der Geschichte (G. W. F. Hegels Werke, Bd. 9, Berlin, 1837, S. 123, 124).
p p. 50
_p ^^14^^ Istorichesky Vestnik (The Historical Herald)—a Russian popular historical monthly published in St. Petersburg from 1880 to 1917.
p p. 65
_p ^^15^^ Rus—a newspaper, organ of the Slavophils, published in Moscow from 1880 to 1885 by I. A. Aksakov.
p p. 65
_p >! The Slavophils—a trend in Russian social thought in the mid-nineteenth century. The Slavophils advanced the theory that Russia should follow a specific, unique path of historical development based on the communal system, which, they held, was characteristic only of the Slavs, and on Orthodoxy. They saw no possibility of revolutionary upheavals in Russia, and were therefore strongly opposed to the revolutionary movement and stood for the preservation of autocracy.
_p p. 65
_p ^^17^^ From Nekrasov’s poem "On the Volga".
_p p.
_p 66
_p ^^18^^ A Nest of the Gentry—& novel by Turgenev.
_p p.
_p 67
_p ^^19^^ From Nekrasov’s poem "The Troika".
_p p.
_p 71
_p ^^20^^ Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1978, p. 397.
_p p.
_p 72
_p ^^21^^ Sse Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1978, p. 286.
_p p.
p 78
p ^^22^^ A reference to an anonymous review of Karonin’s short novel From the Bottom Upwards published in No. 8 of Russkaya Mysl for 1888.
_p Russkaya Mysl (Russian Thought)—a literary and political monthly published in Moscow from 1880 to 1918.
p p. 82
_p Plekhanov is quoting from his "Second Draft Programme of the Russian Social-Democrats" (see present edition, Vol. I, Moscow, 1977,
_p p. 83
_p ^^24^^ From Ferdinand Lassalle’s Introduction to the tragedy Franz von Sickingen.
_p p. 84
_p ^^26^^ From Griboyedov’s comedy Wit Works Woe.
p p. 86
_p ^^26^^ Sovremennik (The Contemporary)—a Russian literary and sociopolitical journal published in St. Petersburg from 1836 to 1866; it was founded by A. S. Pushkin; from 1847 it was edited by N. A. Nekrasov and I. I. Panayev. V. G. Belinsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov and N. G. Chernyshevsky contributed to the journal. The Sovremennik was Russia’s best journal of its day. It expressed the aspirations of the revolutionary democrats and exercised a great influence on the progressive elements of Russian society.
p p. 86
p ^^27^^ Westernism—a trend in Russian social thought in the mid-nineteenth century.
_p The Westerners maintained that Russia should follow the same path of development as Western Europe (hence their name) and go through the capitalist stage. They emphasised the progressive nature of the bourgeois system (as compared with Russia’s social system based on serfdom); their political ideal was the constitutional-monarchical and bourgeois-parliamentarian states of Western Europe, Britain and France in particular. The Left wing of the Westerners (Herzen, Ogarev, and Belinsky in part) shared the views of Utopian socialism.
p p. 86
691p ^^28^^ The article "S. Karonin" was printed in the first issue of SotsialDemokrat for 1890 under the title "Our Narodnik Fiction Writers. Article II. (S. Karonin)".
_p Sotsial-Demokrat—a literary and political journal published abroad in 1890-92 by the Emancipation of Labour group; it played an important part in disseminating Marxism in Russia. Four issues were published.
p p. 88
_p ^^29^^ The title of a series of sketches by G. I. Uspensky, The Power of the Land, published in 1882, became in Russian literature a term expressing the dependence of the peasants’ life and world outlook on socio-economic conditions in the countryside.
p p. 90
_p ^^30^^ Chorny peredd (general redistribution)—a slogan expressing the peasants’ desire for a general redistribution of the land and the abolition of the landed estates.
p p. 96
_p ^^31^^ Zemstvos—organs of local self-government in the central gubernias of tsarist Russia headed by nobility. They were introduced in 1864. The Zemstvo activities were confined to purely local matters (organisation of hospitals, construction of roads, statistics, insurance and so on).
p p. 99
_p ^^32^^ Mamai’s Russia—named after the Tartar Khan Mamai who raided Russia in the fourteenth century.
p p. 107
_p ^^33^^ Karl Marx, Preface to the First German Edition of Capital (Vol. I, Moscow, 1978, p. 20).
p p. 103
_p ^^34^^ In his novel What Is To Be Done? Chernyshevsky uses the ironical expression "clever reader" to denote the reactionary reader who is characterised by hypocrisy, banality and inordinate claims to depth of thought.
_p p. 115
_p ^^35^^ From Heinrich Heine’s poem “Questions”.
_p p. 115
_p ^^36^^ From Pushkin’s poem of the same title.
p p. 116
_p ^^37^^ Oblomovka—the name of the village belonging to landowner Oblomov, the main character in Goncharov’s novel of the same title. It was used to denote a backward village of tsarist Russia.
p p. 127
p ^^38^^ The article on Naumov was first printed in May 1897 in the journal Novoye Slovo under the following title: "N. I. Naumov. Collected Works of N. I. Naumov. In two volumes. St. Petersburg, 1897. Published by 0. N. Popova”. The article was signed: N. K. (Plekhanov’s pseudonym—N. Kamensky). In 1905 Plekhanov included the article in his symposium Twenty Years putting it first in the series "Our Narodnik Fiction Writers".
_p Novoye Slovo (The New Word)—a scientific, literary and political monthly published in St. Petersburg from 1894 to 1897.
p p. 128
_p :i9 Akaky Akakiyevich—the main character in Gogol’s short novel "The Greatcoat”, a petty official.
p p. 132
_p ^^10^^ The article on A. L. Volynsky’s book is the first of the four closely connected articles to which Plekhanov gave the general title of "The Fate of Russian Criticism" (the second is "Belinsky and Rational Reality”, the third—"V. G. Belinsky’s Literary Views”, and the fourth—"N. G. Chernyshevsky’s Aesthetic Theory”).
p 44*
692_p It was first published in April 1897 in the journal Novoi/e Sluvo under the pseudonym "N. Kamensky".
_p p. 149
p ^^41^^ Famusov—a character in Griboycdov’s coinedy Wit Works Woe. p. 149
p ^^42^^ Plekhanov is quoting the words of Bazarov, tho main character in Turgenev’s novel Fathers and Sons, addressed to his friend Kirsanov.
p ^^43^^ Uteshitelny and Shvokhnev—characters in Gogol’s Gamblers. p. 15.)
_p ^^44^^ The author of the article "The Anthropological Principle in Philosophy" is Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky.
p p. 151
_p ^^45^^ Jacques le fataliste—the main character in Diderot’s short novel of the same title.
p p. 156
_p ^^46^^ Bursaks—students at seminaries in tsarist Russia who were notorious for their rough manners and ignorance.
p p. 156
_p ^^47^^ The author of the book The Aesthetic Relation of Art to Reality is Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky.
p p. 158
_p ^^48^^ Selected Passages from a Correspondence with Friends—a book by Gogol in which he eulogised Russian autocracy and serfdom. Its publication in 1847 aroused a strong protest from all democratically-minded people in Russian society, especially Belinsky who wrote his famous letter to Gogol.
p p. 158
_p ^^49^^ Svistok (The Whistle)—the satirical section of the journal Sovremennik which played an important role in the ideological and political struggle of the 1860s. Nine issues with the Svistok were published (1859-63). Dobrolyubov was the founder of and main writer for the Svistok. Among its contributors were N. A. Nekrasov and N. G. Chornyshcvsky.
_p p. 159
_p ^^50^^ A reference to Victor Hugo’s preface to his drama Cromwell (1827).
p p. 163
_p ^^51^^ 18 Brumaire—lhe coup d’etat of November 9, 1790 which established the dictatorship of Napoleon I.
_p p. 169
_p ^^52^^ See Note 5.
_p p. 170
_p ^^53^^ A reference to the contributors to the Svistok (see Note 49). p. 172
_p ^^54^^ Grigory’s words from Pushkin’s drama Boris Godunov.
p p. 173
_p 55 Plekhanov’s article "V. G. Belinsky’s Literary Views" was first published in the journal Novoye Slow in October-November 1897 under the pseudonym "N. Kamensky".
p p. 178
_p ^^55^^ Encyclopaedists—a group of French eighteenth-century Enlightcners—philosophers, scientists, and writers—who joined together to publish the Encyclopedie ou Dictionnaire raisonne des sciences, des arts et des metiers (1751-80). Diderot was its organiser and guiding spirit. Holbach, Helvetius, Voltaire and others took an active part in publishing tho Encyclopaedia. The Encyclopaedists were the ideologists of the revolu- 693 tionary bourgeoisie and played a decisive role in the ideological preparation of the bourgeois revolution of the end of the eighteenth century.
p p. 178
_p ^^57^^ Moskorsky Nablyudatel (Moscow Observer)—a journal published in Moscow from 1835 to 1839. V. G. Belinsky was in charge of the journal in 1838-39.
p p. 181
_p ^^68^^ Le Globe—a. daily newspaper published in Paris from 1824 to 1832; from 1831 it was the organ of the Saint-Simonists.
p p. 184
_p ^^59^^ A reference to Plekhanov’s article "Belinsky and Rational Reality”, published in Volume IV of the present edition.
_p p. 186
_p ^^60^^ G. W. F. Hegel, Vorlesungen fiber die Philosophie der Geschichte
_p (G. W. F. Hegels Werke, Ed. 9, Berlin, 1837, S. 441).
p p. 187
_p ^^61^^ The Inspector-General—Gogol’s comedy which was highly praised by Belinsky.
_p p. 191
_p ^^62^^ Poshlyopkina—a character in Gogol’s comedy The Inspector-General.
p p. 193
_p ’^^3^^ Pechorin—the main character in Lermontov’s novel A Hero of Our Time.
_p p. 195
_p ^^64^^ A reference to N. G. Chernyshevsky.
p p. 196
_p ^^65^^ An excerpt from Lermontov’s poem "Death of the Poet" written on th occasion of Pushkin’s death.
_p p. 202
_p ^^66^^ From Pushkin’s poem "The Poet and the Mob".
_p p. 203
_p ^^67^^ The author of My Past and Thoughts is A. I. Herzen.
_p p. 203
_p ^^68^^ From Pushkin’s tragedy Mozart and Salieri.
p p. 204
_p ^^69^^ Manchesterism—a trend in economic thought advocating Free Trade and non-interference by the state in economic affairs. The centre of the movement for Free Trade was Manchester.
_p p. 212
_p ^^70^^ 1861—the year of the abolition of serfdom in Russia.
p p. 213
_p ^^71^^ Three unities—the unity of action, time and place; the drama takes place in one day, in one place, and without changes in the scenery.
p p. 215
_p ^^72^^ The article "N. G. Chernyshevsky’s Aesthetic Theory" was written in 1897; the first part was published in the December issue of the journal Novoye Slovo, publication of which was suspended in December 1897, and the issue was confiscated. The full text of the article was published in 1905 in Plekhanov’s symposium Twenty Years.
p p. 222
_p ^^73^^ Otechestvenniye Zapiski (Fatherland Notes)—a literary and political journal published in St. Petersburg from 1820 to 1884. Between 1839 and 1846 it was one of Russia’s best progressive journals; V. G. Belinsky cind A. I. Herzen were among its contributors. The journal began to flourish again in 1863 when it was taken over by N. A. Nekrasov 694 and M. Y. Saltykov-Shchedrin and the revolutionary-democratic intelligentsia rallied round it. After 1877 the Narodniks gained control of the journal.
_p ^^74^^ See this volume, p. 221.
p p. 229
_p ^^75^^ A reference to the defeat of the Russian army at Sevastopol during the Crimean war of 1853-56. The war showed the backwardness of serf-owning Russia and accelerated the development of the revolutionary situation of 1859-61 which resulted in the abolition of serfdom and in the bourgeois reforms of the 1860s and 1870s.
p p. 229
p ^^76^^ The Perch and the Pike—characters from Saltykov-Shchedrin’s tale "Perch the Idealist".
_p The expression "prize you far more than any marble the pots and pans" is from Pushkin’s poem "The Rabble".
_p The words "to eat locusts and wild honey" are from the Bible (St. Matthew 3:4).
p p. 23(1
_p ^^77^^ "The muse of vengeance and sorrow" is what Nekrasov called his writings. Below are quoted some lines from his poem "A Song to Yeryomushka".
p p. 231
_p ^^78^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works (in three volumes), Vol. 3, Moscow, 1977, p. 347.
_p p. 237
_p ^^79^^ Boris Godunov and Scenes from Chivalrous Times— Pushkin’s dramas.
p p. 244
p ^^80^^ The Unaddressed Letters were written in 1899-1900 and are one of the first works by Plekhanov devoted to an analysis of the origin and development of art from the standpoint of historical materialism.
p All previous editions contained six letters with conventional numbering. There are four letters in the present edition. After studying the history of the writing and publication of the Unaddressed Letters, researchers came to the conclusion that the third letter is the concluding part of the second, and the fifth and sixth letters are connected by a common theme and constitute a single whole.
p That is why in Volume V of the Selected Philosophical Works the former second and third letters are published together as a whole and are given Plekhanov’s subtitle "Second Letter”. The former fourth letter becomes the third, the fifth and the sixth are joined and called conventionally the fourth letter.
p The first letter was printed in the journal Nauchnoye Obozreniye (Scientific Review), No. 11 for 1899, under the title "Unaddressed Letters. First Letter’. In addition the letter also had its own title—"On Art".
_p A few months later, in the March issue of Nauchnoi/e Obozreniye for 1900, the second letter appeared, bearing the title "The Art of Primitive Peoples" and ending with the words "To be continued”. It was continued by a “Letter” published in Nauchnoye Obozreniye, No. 6 for 1900. It had no special title and no introductory “Sir”, unlike the two previous letters, which shows that it is a continuation of the previous letter. There was only the common title "Unaddressed Letters”. The remaining two letters were not published in Plekhanov’s lifetime and are published in this volume according to the manuscript.
p p. 263
p ^^81^^ Haeckol and his followers wore representatives of so-called social Darwinism which sought to extend the laws of nature to society and explain 695 the class struggle by the operation of the law of the struggle for existence.
_p According to Saint-Simon’s teaching, the contradictions in the society of his day were to be resolved by establishing an ideal industrial system with planned management of the economy, a system under which labour would become compulsory and science would be closely linked with industry.
p p. 273
_p ^^82^^ Sganarelle—a character from Moliere’s comedy Le Medecin malgre lui.
_p p. 273
_p ^^83^^ A reference to Gabriel Tarde’s book Les lots de Vimitation.
p p. 274
_p ^^84^^ Roundheads—representatives of the middle class, adherents of the socalled Long Parliament (1640-53), which was convened by King Charles I on the eve of the Civil War.
p P- 275
_p ^^85^^ A certain Russian partisan of the materialist view of history— G. V. Plekhanov. The quotation is from his book The Development of the Monist View of History published in 1895 under the pseudonym Beltov (see present edition, Vol. I, Moscow, 1977, p. 640).
p p. 276
_p ^^86^^ Primitive poetry is not analysed by Plekhanov in any of his Unaddressed Letters.
_p P-^^288^^
_p ^^87^^ See this volume, p. 310 and following pages.
p p. 289
_p ^^88^^ Correspondance litteraire, philosophique et critique—& magazine brought out in handwritten form in Paris (in fifteen or sixteen copies) by Friedrich Melchior Grimm, one of the outstanding Encyclopaedists, a man of letters and diplomat. The magazine was distributed among outstanding personalities and the powers that be of the time (from 1753 to 1792); it discussed scientific, literary and other problems.
p p. 290
_p ^^89^^ The origin of the expression "the economic string”, which belongs to N. K. Mikhailovsky, is as follows: in G. Uspensky’s story The Cabin, a vagrant seller of strings, trying to justify the high price of his commodity, says that "it is not a rotten trash" and that "if the string keeps me going, I must see that its sound is perfect”. Mikhailovsky used the expression "the economic string" in his polemics with the Marxists, who, he thought, wanted to reduce mankind’s spiritual life to an "economic factor".
p P- 295
_p ^^90^^ See Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Moscow, 1978, p. 20.
_p P- 309
_p ^^^91^^ See the fourth letter (p. 328 and following pages).
_p p. 311
_p ^^92^^ Two pages are missing in the manuscript.
_p p. 330
p ^^93^^ There is an omission in the manuscript.
_p ^^94^^ The German author is Karl Marx. See Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1977, p. 592.
p P- 345
_p ^^95^^ The letter was written in 1899 at the height of the polemics between Plekhanov and the German revisionists Eduard Bernstein and Conrad Schmidt.
_p P- 346
_p ^^96^^ The manuscript breaks off here.
p p. 351
696p ^^97^^ Plekhanov’s interest in questions of art from the standpoint of the materialist explanation of history is reflected not only in his literary works but also in his numerous speeches in Russian emigre groups abroad. Plekhanov’s archives contain a great deal of preparatory material for his lectures on art. The lecture the notes for which are included in this volume was given in the winter of 1904.
p ^^98^^ Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Moscow, 1978, p. 21.
p ^^99^^ The article "French Drama and French Painting of the Eighteenth Century from the Sociological Viewpoint" was written on the basis of a lecture on art given by Plekhanov in Liege and Paris in 1904. It was published in the September-October issue of the journal Pravda for 1905 under the pseudonym of N. Beltov.
p Pravda (Truth)—a Social-Democratic monthly dealing with questions of art, literature and social life; it was published in Moscow from 1904 to 1906 mainly with the participation of Mensheviks—representatives of an opportunist trend in the R.S.D.L.P.
p ^^100^^ There is a mistake in the quotation: Lanson speaks not of Medee but of Melite, the first play by Pierre Corneille written in 1629. Medee was written in 1635.
p ^^101^^ A quotation from J. B. Dubos’ book Reflexions critiques sur la poesie et la peinture, Paris, 1746.
p ^^102^^ The statements of Hume, Pope and Voltaire about Shakespeare are borrowed by Plekhanov from the book: J. J. Jusserand, Shakespeare en France sous I’ancien regime, Paris, 1898.
p ^^103^^ The Scottish financier and economist John Law hoping to put into practice his mistaken idea that the state could increase the country’s wealth by circulating banknotes not covered by gold, founded a private bank in France in 1716, which was turned into a state bank in 1718. Simultaneously with unlimited issue of notes Law’s bank withdrew hard cash from circulation. This resulted in the development of stock-jobbing and speculation on an unprecedented scale, which led in 1720 to the complete collapse of the state bank and "Law’s system" itself.
p ^^104^^ The quotation from D’Alembert is taken by Plekhanov from the book: G. Lanson, Nivelle de la chaussee et la comedie larmoyante, Paris, 1887, P- 134.
p ^^105^^ The quotation is not from the book mentioned. It was taken from another book: Henry Jouin, Charles Le Brun et les arts sous Louis XIV, Paris, 1880, p. 220.
p ^^106^^ See Paul Mants, Francois Boucher lemoyneetnatoire, Paris, 1880, pp. 128-29.
p ^^107^^ Salons—critical reviews of annual exhibitions of French painting, sculpture and graphic art published in Correspondance litteraire (see JNote 88).
_p ^^108^^ See Ernest Chesncau, La peinture francaise au XIX siecle. Le.< chefs d’ecole L- David, Gros, Gericault, Decamps, Meissonier, Ingres, II. Flaudrin, E. Delacroix, Paris, 1862, p. 18.
697_p ^^109^^ La Chronique de Paris—a Girondist newspaper published from 1789 to 1793.
p p. 392
_p ^^110^^ Les Annales patriotiques—a Girondist daily newspaper published from 1789 to 1795.
_p p. 392
_p ^^111^^ Goncourt, La soctete francaise pendant la revolution, p. 355.
p p. 393
_p ^^112^^ Le Courrier de regalite—a journal published in Paris from August 1796 to February 1797.
p p. 393
_p ^^113^^ Le Pere Duchene—a newspaper published in Paris from 1790 to 1794 and expressing the sentiments of the urban semi-proletarian masses.
p p. 393
_p ^^114^^ Thermidor reaction—the reaction of the big bourgeoisie which set in after the counter-revolutionary coup of July 27, 1794 (9 Thermidor, 2nd year of the Republican calendar) in France.
p p. 39P>
_p ^^115^^ G. T. Fechner, Vorschule der Aesthetik, Erster Theil, Leipzig, 1876. S. 89-90.
p p. 397
_p ^^116^^ The article "The Proletarian Movement and Bourgeois Art" was published in the journal Pravda in November 1905.
_p p. 398
_p ^^117^^ Heinrich Heine, Deutschland. Ein Wintermiirchen.
p ^^118^^ From Nekrasov’s poem “Night”.
p ^^119^^ The work on Henrik Ibson appeared in October 1906, a few months after the Norwegian playwright’s death, in the series "Library for Everybody" published by the literary and critical Library Burevestnik (Stormy Petrel).
p 120 A French admirer of Ibsen is the theatre critic Auguste Ehrhard, author of the book Henrik Ibsen et le theatre contemporain, Paris, 1892.
_p ^^121^^ A reference to the Austro-Prusso-Danish war of 1864, the war of Prussia, Austria and a number of states of the North-German Confederation against Denmark with the aim of seizing the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. By the Vienna Treaty of October 30, 1864, Denmark lost Schleswig, Holstein and Ladenburg. Despite its loud promises, the government of Norway did not help Denmark.
_p ^^122^^ See present edition, Vol. II, Moscow, 1976, pp. 427-73.
p ^^123^^ G. W. F. Hegel, Vorlesungen fiber die Philosophic der Geschichte.
_p ^^124^^ Barbier’s satirical collection Iambics was published in 1832, soon after the July revolution in France.
_p ^^125^^ Manden (Man)—a journal published from January to September 1851.
_p ^^126^^ Goethe, Faust, Erster Teil, “Studierzimmer”.
p p. 449
_p ^^127^^ L’Humanite—a daily newspaper founded in 1904 by Jean Jaures as the organ of the French Socialist Parly. In 1920 it became the Central Organ of the Communist Party of France.
p p. 454
698_p ^^128^^ Norway became independent in 1905 after dissolving the SwedishNorwegian Union set up in 1814.
p p. 457
p ^^129^^ The article "On the Psychology of the Workers’ Movement" was written by Plekhanov in 1907 and published in Sovremenny Mir, No. 5, 1907.
_p Sovremenny Mir (Contemporary World)—a monthly dealing with literary, scientific and political questions, published in St. Petersburg from 1906 to 1918.
p p. 466
_p ^^130^^ A reference to the Narodnaya Volya (People’s Freedom)—a secret political organisation of Russian revolutionary intelligentsia that came into being in August 1879. The Narodnaya Volya members embarked upon the path of political struggle, considering their most important task to be the overthrow of autocracy and the winning of political liberty. They carried on an heroic struggle against the tsarist autocracy but, proceeding from the fallacious theory of “active” heroes and the “passive” crowd, they hoped to recast society without the participation of the people, by means of individual terrorism, intimidating and disorganising the government. On March 1, 1881, they organised the assassination of Alexander II, after which the government destroyed the Narodnaya Volya by brutal repressions and executions.
p p. 470
_p ^^131^^ At the Voronezh Congress of the Zemlya i Volya (Land and Freedom), a Narodnik revolutionary organisation, in June 1879, there was a split between the supporters of terrorism as the main method of struggle against autocracy and the supporters of the old tactics of agitation among the peasants. M. R. Popov belonged to the latter group.
p p. 472
_p ^^132^^ S.R.s (Socialist-Revolutionaries)—& petty-bourgeois party that emerged in Russia at the end of 1901 and the beginning of 1902. The S.R.s demanded that private ownership of the land be abolished and that the land be transferred to the village communes on the basis of egalitarian land tenure. Although the S.R.s called themselves socialists their programme was not socialist, because the abolition of private ownership of the land without the seizure of power by the working class and the transferring of all the main means of production into its bands cannot do away with capitalist exploitation. The S.R.s glossed over the class differentiation within the peasantry, the difference between the toiling peasants and the kulaks, and denied the leading role of the proletariat in the revolution. Their characteristic feature was adventurism in politics and their main method of struggle against tsarism—individual terrorism. After the defeat of the 1905-07 revolution the S.R.s took up the position of bourgeois liberalism and after the October Socialist Revolution of 1917 they waged an active struggle against Soviet power.
p p. 472
p ^^133^^ Bolsheviks—representatives of the revolutionary trend in the R.S.D.L.P. headed by V. I. Lenin. They began to be called so at the Second Congress of the R.S.D.L.P. (1903), when during the elections of the Party central bodies the revolutionary Social-Democrats received the majority of votes (hence their name Bolsheviks: from the Russian word bolshinstvo meaning majority), while the opportunists who were in the minority became known as the Mensheviks (from the Russian word menshinstvo meaning minority).
_p Novaya Zhizn (New Life)—the first legal Bolshevik newspaper published daily in St. Petersburg from October 27 (November 9) to December 3 (16), 1905. A. M. Gorky, A. V. Lunacharsky and others contributed to the newspaper.
p p. 476
699_p ^^134^^ Here plekhanov from the Menshevik standpoint contrasts two tactics: the tactics of "romantic optimism" of impatient intellectuals, which he calls "revolutionary alchemy" and ascribes to the Bolsheviks who believed that a socialist revolution was close at hand, and the tactics of the Mensheviks who, according to Plekhanov, were counting " sensibly" on slow, painstaking work among the masses to draw the latter into the working-class movement, without hoping for a quick victory. This contrasting shows that Plekhanov underestimated the revolutionary forces of the Russian working class and did not understand its leading role in the Russian ’revolution.
_p p. 476
_p 135 T},O title of Lev Tolstoy’s work in which he expounds his teaching.
p p. 481
_p ise plekhanov is quoting the concluding words from the Manifesto of the Communist Party by K. Marx and F. Engels (see Collected Works, Vol. 6, Moscow, 1976, p. 519).
p p. 482
_p ^^137^^ The article was first published in the journal Sovremenny Mir, Nos. 6 and 7, 1908.
p p. 484
_p ^^138^^ Shibboleth (Hebrew)—an ear of corn. According to the Bible, by the pronunciation of this word the warriors of one Jewish tribe could detect their enemies from another Jewish tribe. In fiction and political literature it is used metaphorically to distinguish the members of one circle, party, etc. from another.
p p. 484
_p ^^139^^ Vasilyevsky Island (St. Petersburg), Bolshaya and Malaya Bronnaya streets (Moscow)—student quarters.
_p 140 plekhanov is inaccurate here: these words belong to Faust not Mephistopheles.
_p p. 492
_p ^^141^^ F. Engels, Anti-Duhring, Moscow, 1978, p. 118.
p p. 493
_p ^^142^^ Major Kovalyov—a. character in Gogol’s short novel The Nose. p. 494
_p ^^143^^ From Pushkin’s novel in verse Eugene Onegin.
p p. 497
_p ^^144^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 11, Moscow, 1979’ pp. 130-31.
_p p. 497
_p ^^145^^ From Krylov’s fable I:The Inquisitive One".
_p p. 502
_p ^^146^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 10, Moscow, 1978, p. 70.
p p. 504
_p ^^147^^ Molchalin—a character in Griboyedov’s comedy Wit Works Woe. p. 505
_p ^^148^^ See present edition, Vol. IV, Moscow, 1980, pp. 387-434.
p p. 509
_p ^^149^^ Le Producteur—the first printed journal of Saint-Simonists published in Paris in 1825 and 1826.
_p p. 509
_p ^^150^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 5, Moscow, 1976, p. 7.
_p p. 509
_p ^^151^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 6, Moscow, 1976, p. 515.
p. 510
700_p ^^152^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 6, Moscow, 1076, p. 498.
p ^^153^^ A reference to Hegel.
p ^^154^^ Babouvists—supporters of Babouvism, one of the trends of equalitarian Utopian communism founded by the French revolutionary Gracchus Babeuf at the end of the eighteenth century.
p ^^155^^ Decembrists—members of a secret society of Russian revolutionaries from the nobility who strove to abolish serfdom and limit tsarist autocracy. Afraid of arousing a large-scale popular insurrection, the Decembrists hoped to realise their aims by means of a military coup, without the participation of the masses. Their uprising on December 14, 1825 was cruelly suppressed by the tsarist government: five leaders of the uprising were hanged, others were exiled to Siberia.
_p ^^156^^ The Petrashevtsi—members of a circle of progressive Russian intellectuals that existed in St. Petersburg from 1845 to 1849. One of its organisers was M. V. Petrashevsky. The Petrashevtsi came out against autocracy and serfdom.
_p ^^157^^ An expression from Griboyedov’s comedy Wit Works Woe.
_p ^^158^^ See present edition, Vol. I, Moscow, 1977, pp. 407-32.
p ^^169^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 9, Moscow, 1977, p. 211.
p ^^160^^ Plekhanov is referring to his own critique in The Development of the Monist View of History of Mikhailovsky’s "formula of progress" (see present edition, Vol. I, Moscow, 1977, pp. 541-42).
p ^^161^^ Byloye (The Past)—a Russian historical journal dealing mainly with the history of Narodism and earlier social movements; it was published from 1900 to 1904 and from 1906 to 1907, first abroad and later in St. Petersburg.
p 162 ]\f_Y. (Narodnaya Volya)—an illegal newspaper, the organ of the Executive Committee of the Narodnaya Volya (see Note 130), published from 1879 to 1885.
_p ^^163^^ Plekhanov is referring to his speech at the First Congress of the Second International in Paris (July 14-21, 1889), in which he said: "The revolutionary movement in Russia can triumph only as the revolutionary movement of the workers" (see present edition, Vol. I, Moscow, 1977, P. 405).
_p ^^164^^ See present edition, Vol. I, Moscow, 1977, p. 690.
_p p. 549 ^^166^^ See present edition, Vol. I, Moscow, 1977, p. 690. p. 549
p ^^166^^ See present edition, Vol. I, Moscow, 1977, pp. 107-358.
p ^^167^^ The article "Tolstoy and Nature" was written in 1908 for a jubilee collection planned in connection with Tolstoy’s 80th birthday. It was published in 1924 in the magazine Zvezda (The Star), No. 4.
p ^^168^^ The article "Within Limits" written immediately after Tolstoy’s death in 1910, was published in the newspaper Zvezda, No. 1.
701p Zvezda (The Star)—a Bolshevik legal newspaper published in St. Petersburg from 1910 to 1912.
_p ^^169^^ Kievskaya Mysl (Kiev Thought)—a bourgeois-democratic daily published from 1906 to 1918.
p ^^170^^ From Nekrasov’s poem "Who Is Happy in Russia".
p ^^171^^ The article "Karl Marx and Lev Tolstoy" was written in 1911 and published in January in the newspaper Sotsial-Demokrat.
p Solsial-Demokrat—an illegal newspaper, the Central Organ of the R.S.D.L.P., published from 1908 to 1917 abroad.
_p ^^172^^ Nasha Zarya (Our Dawn)—a Menshevik legal monthly published in St. Petersburg from 1910 to 1914.
p p. 573
_p ^^173^^ S’ozialistische Monatshefte—a monthly journal, the main organ of the German opportunists and one of the organs of international revisionism; published in Berlin from 1897 to 1933.
p p. 573
_p ^^174^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works (in three volumes), Vol. 3, Moscow, 1976, p. 128.
_p p. 573
_p ^^175^^ The article / Cannot Keep Silent! was written by Tolstoy in 1908.
p p. 576
_p ^^176^^ Plekhanov writes about this in his article "Confusion of Opinions" printed in the magazine Mysl (Thought) in 1910 and 19li.
_p p. 576
_p ^^177^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 4, Moscow, 1976, p. 130.
_p p. 584
_p ^^178^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 4, Moscow, 1976, pp. 130-31.
p p. 585
_p ^^179^^ See K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 3, Moscow, 1975, pp. 175-76.
_p p. 585
_p ^^180^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 3, Moscow, 1975, p. 463.
p p. 585
_p ^^181^^ A reference to the cruel suppression of the railwaymen’s strike in 1910 by Briand’s government.
_p p. 587
_p From Krylov’s fable "The Tom Cat and the Cook".
p p. 587
_p ^^183^^ Cadets—members of the Constitutional-Democratic Party, the leading party of the liberal-monarchist bourgeoisie in Russia, founded in October 1905.
p p. 588
_p ^^184^^ This expression was used by Plekhanov in his article "On the So-Called Religious Bookings in Russia" (sec present edition, Vol. Ill, Moscow, 1976, p. 364).
p p. 588
_p IBS A reference to Vera Zasulich’s article "Jean Jacques Rousseau. An Attejupt to Characterise His Social Ideas" written in 1898.
p p. 589
p 18(1 The article "Doctor Stockmann’s Son" was written in 1909 and included in the collection of Plekhanov’s articles From Defence to Attack published in 1910.
702_p ^^187^^ See K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 6, Moscow. 1976, p. 494.
_p ^^188^^ prom Nekrasov’s poem “Sasha”.
p ^^189^^ See Note 133.
_p ^^190^^ The article "Dobrolyubov and Ostrovsky" was written in connection with the almost simultaneous jubilees of these writers. It appeared in Nos. 5-8, 1911 of the Studiya, a Moscow weekly "art and stage journal".
p p. GO!)
_p ^^191^^ Moskvityanin (Muscovite)—a literary monthly published in Moscow from 1841 to 1856 by M. P. Pogodin. It directed its attacks against democratic journals and supported the reactionary slogan "Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality".
_p p. 610
_p i"^^2^^ Westerners and Slavophils—see Notes 16 and 27.
p p. 610
p ^^193^^ Russkaya Beseda (Russian Talk)—a Slavophil journal published in Moscow from 1856 to 1860; it opposed realism in literature. p. 610
_p ^^194^^ Athenaeum—a journal dealing with criticism, contemporary history and literature, published in Moscow in 1858 and 1859. Among its contributors were N. G. Chernyshevsky and M. Y. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
_p p. 610
_p ^^195^^ See Note 73.
_p ^^196^^ From Heinrich Heine’s poem “Doctrine”.
p p. 612 p. 618
_p ^^197^^ Rakhmetov—a character in N. G. Chernyshevsky’s novel What Is To Be Done?
p p. 624
_p ^^198^^ Bolshov, Brieskov, Tortsov, Kabanov, and Dikoi—types of obdurate merchants described by Ostrovsky in his plays.
p p. 625
_p ^^199^^ Oblomov—the title character in Goncharov’s novel. This name has come to stand for sluggishness, laziness, inactivity and extreme passivity.
p Pechorin—a character in Lermontov’s novel A Hero of Our Time. p. 626
_p ^^200^^ "Someone in grey"—a fantastic character in L. Andreyev’s play The Life of Man, the personification of blind, inexorable and malignant human fate.
p p. 628
p ^^201^^ The article "Art and Social Life" is a revised version of a lecture given in November 1912. It was published in the Sovremennik in NovemberDecember 1912 and January 1913.
_p Sovremennik (The Contemporary)—a literary and political monthly published in St. Petersburg from 1911 to 1915.
_p p. 631
_p ^^2^^
p p: 634 p. 637
_p ^^204^^ Parnassians—a group of French pqets of the late nineteenth century (Theophile Gautier, Charles Leconte do Lisle, Charles Baudelaire and others) who printed their poems in the almanac Le Paniasse coniem/iorain (ed. 1866, 1871, 1876) and supported the theory of "art for art’s sake".
p p. 639
703_p ^^205^^ Füchse (foxes) was the name given to the first-year members of student associations in Germany.
p p. 639
_p ^^206^^ A reference to N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, N. A. Nekrasov and other Russian revolutionary democrats who in the 1800s championed the abolition of serfdom in Russia and a democratic transformation of society,
p p. 643
_p ^^207^^ Moskovsky Telegraf (Moscow Telegraph)—a scientific and literary journal published in Moscow from 1825 to 1834 by N. A. Polevoi; it faVoured the development of education and criticised the feudal serf-owning system,
_p p. 645
_p ^^208^^ The Second Empire in France during the reign of Napoleon III (1852-70).
_p p. 646
_p ^^209^^ J. Ruskin. Lectures on art given at Oxford University in 1870. p. 649
_p ^^210^^ Ecclesiastes 7:7.
p p. 655
_p ^^211^^ Ignoramus et ignorabimus (We do not know and never will know)—a thesis proclaimed by the famous German physiologist Emil Du Bois Reymond in his speech "On the Limits of Natural Sciences" made in 1872. For decades this thesis was the battle cry of the idealist, agnostic trend in philosophy and science.
_p p. 655
_p ^^212^^ The expressions from Nekrasov’s poem "The Knight for an Hour”, p. 655
_p ^^213^^ See this volume, pp. 590-608.
p p. 660
_p ^^214^^ Wild landowner—a type of landowner and serf-owner described by M. Y. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his tale of the same title.
_p p. 661
_p ^^215^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 6, Moscow, 1976, p. 488.
_p p. 661
p ^^216^^ Beyond Good and Evil—the title of one of Nietzsche’s works. p. 665
_p ^^217^^ From "Vasily Shibanov”, the satirical ballad of the Russian poet A. K. Tolstoi.
p p. 667
p ^^218^^ This statement is characteristic of Plekhanov’s opportunist views, according to which in Russia, where industrial development began later than in other countries, the conflict between the productive forces and the capitalist production relations was not yet ripe and therefore there were allegedly no objective conditions for a socialist revolution, p. 670
_p ^^219^^ Harmodius and Aristogiton— participants in the conspiracy (514 B.C.) against the tyrannical Athenian rulers, Hippias and Hipparchus. In honour of Harmodius and Aristogiton as liberators of Athens from tyranny, the Athenians erected a monument to them in the fifth century B.C.
_p p. 681
_p ^^220^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 6, Moscow, 1976, p. 113.
_p p. 683
_p ^^221^^ K. Marx and F. Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 6, Moscow, 1976, p. 494.
p p. 684
^^222^^ Themistocles—the eight-year-old son of the landowner Manilov in Gogol’s Dead Souls.
704Notes
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