_p Aasmund, Olavson—see Vinje, Aasmund Olavson
_p Aeschylus (525-456 B. C.)—Greek dramatist.—160, 183, 184
p Agrippina (A. D. 16-59)—mother of the Roman emperor Nero.—372
p Aksakov, Ivan Sergeyevich (18231886)—Russian publicist, representative of Slavophilism.—65, 517
_p A lexander the Great (356-323 B.C.)—king of Macedonia (336-323); general and politician.—387
_p Alexander I (1777-1825)—Emperor of Russia (1801-25).—233, 572, 634
p Alexander III (1845-1894)—Emperor of Russia (1881-94).—69
_p Alexinsky, Grigory Alexeyevich (b. 1879)—Russian SocialDemocrat, during the reaction (190710)—an organiser of the antiParty group “Vperyod”; later reactionary.—687
_p Allier, Raoul (1862-1939)—French historian.—352
p Arago, Dominique Francois (17861853)—French astronomer, physicist.—572
_p Aristogiton (6th cent. B. C.)—participant in the conspiracy against the tyrannical rulers of Athens.—681
Aristophanes (c. 445-385 B. C.)—Greek dramatist.—611
_p Aristotle (384-322 B. C.)—Greek philosopher and scientist.—222, 446, 081, 682
_p Augier, Emile (1820-1889)—French dramatist.—648
p Augustus (63 B. C.-A. D. 14)—Roman Emperor (27 B. C.A. D. 14).-382, 385, 471
_p Avenarius, Richard (1843-1896)—German philosopher, subjective idealist, formulated the basic principles of empiriocriticism.—553, 554
p B
_p Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876)—Russian revolutionary and publicist; an ideologist of anarchism.—178, 423, 521, 545, 552
_p Balmont, Konstantin Dmitriyevich (1867-1942)—Russian poet.—600
_p Balzac, Honore de (1799-1850)—French writer.—39
p Banville, Theodore de (1823-1891)—French poet.—640, 642, 647, 664
_p Barbey d’A urevilly, Jules (18081889)—French poet, represented reactionary romanticism.—607, 608, 654
p Barbier, Augusts (1805-1882)—French romantic poet.—443
_p Bams, Maurice (1862-1923)—French writer and publicist; advocate of Catholicism.—668, 673, 675
p Barrot, Odilon (1791-1873)—French statesman.—572
705_p Barsuko-j, Nikolai Platonovich (1838-1906)—Russian archaeographer, bibliographer and historian.—612
_p Bartholome, Paul-Albert (18481929)—French sculptor and painter.—414
p Bassompierre, Franfois de (15791646)—Marshal of France.—652
_p Bastiat, Frederic (1801-1850)—French economist, preached the harmony of class interests in a bourgeois society.—527, 528, 655, 663
p Baudelaire, Charles (1821-1867)—French poet.—607, 639, 643, 647, 654
_p Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German idealist philosopher, Young Hegelian.—234, 509, 541
p Bauer, Edgar (1820-1886)—German publicist, Young Hegelian.—509
p Bazard, Saint-Amand (1791-1832)—French Utopian socialist, SaintSimon’s disciple.—512
p Bazarov, V. (Rudnev, Vladimir Alexandrovich) (1874-1939)—Russian Social-Democrat, philosopher and economist. In the period of reaction (1907-10) propagator of the Godbuilding and empiriocriticism; a major representative of the Machist revision of Marxism.—585, 588
p Beaumarchais, Pierre A ugustin Caron, de (1732-1799)—French dramatist.—171, 382, 384, 385, 389
_p Bebel, A ugust (1840-1913)—a founder and leader of German Social-Democracy and of the Second International.—87
p Belinsky, Maxim—see Yasinsky, J. J.
_p Belinsky, Vissarion Grigoryevich (1811-1848)—Russian literary critic, publicist and philosopher, revolutionary democrat, outstanding figure in the history of Russian social and aesthetic thought.—86, 149, 150, 151, 153, 158, 159, 178-221, 222, 223, 229, 259, 261, 485, 502,
45-0766
_p 507-09, 511-14,
_p 524, 525,
_p 529,
_p 530, 531, 533,
_p 536, 537,
_p 540,
_p 541, 543, 548,
_p 612, 620,
_p 628, 632, 650
p Beljame, Alexandre (1842-1906)—French writer, literary critic.—275, 280
p BenkendorJ, Alexander Khristoforovich (1783-1844)—chief of gendarmes under Nicholas I.—637, 644, 645, 847
p Berenger-Feraud, Laurent-Jen nBaptiste (1832-1900)—French ethnographer and anthropologist.—278, 344, 345
_p Bergson, Henri (1859-1941)—French idealist philosopher, founder of intuitionism.—573
p Bernhardt, Sarah (1844-1923)—French actress.—379
p Bernstein, Eduard (1850-1932)—German Social-Democrat, leader of the extreme opportunist trend, theoretician of revisionism and reformism.—505-06
Berry, Marie Caroline, duchess (1798-1870)—mother of Comte de Chambord, legitimist pretender to the French throne.—
572_p Bertrand, Louis Marie Smile (18661941)—French writer, literary critic.—660, 680
p Bertrand de Born—see Born, Bertrand de
p Bestuzhev, Alexander Alexandrovich (pseudonym Marlinsky) (17971837)—Russian writer, Decembrist.—39, 91
_p Biesbroeck, Jules van (1873-1948)—Belgian sculptor and painter.—414-16, 417
p Bilbao y Martinez, Gonzalo (b. I860)—Spanish painter.—40607, 417
p Biryukov, Pavel Ivanovich (18601931)—biographer of L. N. Tolstoy.—559, 566, 581
_p Bismarck, Otto von (1815-1898)—German and Prussian statesman and diplomat.—81
706p Bistolfi, Leonardo (1859-1933)—Italian sculptor.—413-14
p Bjiirnson, Bjornstjerne (18321910)—Norwegian writer and public figure.—418, 430,462
_p Blanc, Louis (1811-1882)—French petty-bourgeois socialist and historian.—39, 513, 523, 529, 572
p Blanche, J acque Smile (18611942)—French painter and art critic.—410
p Boas Franz (1859-1942)—American anthropologist, ethnographer and linguist.—302, 305, 321
_p Bogdanov, A. (Malinovsky, Alexander Alexandrovich) (18731928)—Russian philosopher, sociologist and economist; revised Marxism, created one of the variants of empiriocriticism—empiriomonism.—687
p Bogdanovich, Ippolit Fyodorovich (1743-1803)—Russian poet.—183
p Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen (1851-1914)—Austrian economist, opposed Marx’s theory of labour value.—663
_p Boileau, Nicolas (1636-1711)—French poet, theoretician of classicism.—185, 294, 370
p Born, Bertrand de (1140-1215)—Provencal poet, troubadour.—230
_p Botkin, Vastly Petrovich (18111869)—Russian critic and publicist.—191, 193, 195
p Botten-Hansen, Paul (1824-1869)—Norwegian literary critic.—443
p Boucher, Francois (1703-1770)—French painter and etcher.—160, 167, 168-69, 282, 38789
p Bourbons—royal family that ruled in France from 1589 to 1792 and from 1814 to 1830.—392
Bourget, Paul (1852-1935)—French writer and theoretician of literature.—664, 667
p Braecke, Pierre (1859-1920)—Belgian sculptor.—414-17
p Brandes, Georg (1842-1927)—Danish literary critic, historian of literature and publicist.—422-23 438, 456, 459-63, 643
p Branting, Karl Hjalmar (18601925)—a leader of Swedish Social-Democracy, reformist.—457
_p Briand, Aristide (1862-1932)—French statesman; repeatedly Prime Minister; used armed forces against the general strike of railway workers in 1910.—587
p Bruneti’ere, Ferdinand (1849-1906)—French literary critic.—381, 382
p Brutus, Marcus Junius (85-42 B. C.) —a head of the conspiracy against Caesar.—390, 471
_p Backer, Karl (1847-1930)—_German economist and statistician; assumed the mode of exchange of material goods and not the mode of production as the basis of his investigation of national economy.—286-88, 296-98, 30002, 304-06, 308-11, 313, 31415, 317, 318, 320-21, 323-25, 327, 374
p Biichner, Ludwig (1824-1899)—German physiologist, vulgar materialist.—234
p Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821-1862) —English historian and positivist sociologist.—170
_p Buonarroti, Filipp (1761-1837)—Italian revolutionary, Utopian communist, collaborated with Babeuf.—487, 494
p Burnouf, Emile (1821-1907)—French writer and Orientalist.—334
p Burton, Richard (1821-1890)—British traveller, explorer in Africa.—277, 285, 337-39, 347
_p Byron, George Gordon (1788-1824)—English romantic poet.—81, 189-90, 212, 252, 606, 607-OS
707_p C
_p Cabat, Louis (1812-1893)—French painter.—282
_p Campanella, Tommaso (15681039)—Italian Utopian communist.—39
p Canat—607
_p Canoua, Antonio (1757-1822)—Italian sculptor, representative of classicism.—244
_p Carclucci, Giosue (1835—1907)—
_p Italian poet.—410 Carneau, Etienne (1610-1071)—
p French poet.—387
p Casalis, Eugene (1812-1891)—French missionary, author of works about the peoples of South Africa.—285, 286, 346, 347
p Casati, Gaetano (1838-1902)—Italian geographer and traveller, explorer in Africa.—302
p Cassagne, Albert (1869-1916)—French critic, historian of literature.—646, 654
p Catlin, George (1796-1872)—American ethnographer, studied the everyday life of the American Indians.—303, 315, 317-18, 322
_p Cavour, Camilla Benso di (18101861)—Italian statesman, leader of the liberal monarchical bourgeoisie, pursued a policy of unification of Italy under the Savoy dynasty.—487
p Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547-1610)—Spanish writer.—420
_p Chaadayev, Pi/otr Yakot’levich (1794-1856)—Russian philosopher; author of The Philosophical Letters, in which he criticized the autocratic system in Russia; later turned to mysticism.—203
p Chahine, Edgar (b. 1874)—French painter and engraver.—413
_p Chaille-Long, Charles (1842-1917)—French traveller, explorer in Central Africa.—347
Chalier, Marie Joseph de (17471793)—prominent figure in the
_p French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century, Jacobin.—393
p Chenier, Marie Joseph (17641811)—French dramatist arid poet.—206, 394
p Chernov, Viktor Mikhailovich (18761952)—a leader and theoretician of the Socialist-Revolutionary party.—542, 543
_p Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889)—Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, critic, writer.—158, 222-35, 240-62, 284, 515, 525-27, 529-37, 572-75, 588, 613-16, 619, 621-24, 626, 62829, 631-33
_p Chesneau, Ernest (1833-1890)—French art critic.—391
p Chevet—528
p Christol, Frederic (b. 1850)—French missionary, traveller, author of works on primitive African painting.—285, 289, 352, 355
p Cimabue, Giovanni (real name Cenni di Pepo) (c. 1240-c. 1303)—Italian painter, architect.—651
_p Cissey—French war minister in 1875-76, scandalously famous for financial speculations.—81
p Clement, Charles (1821-1887)—French art critic.—168
p Colleville—431, 433, 443, 445, 458 Colguhoun, Patrick (1745-1820)—British economist and statistician.—515
_p Comte, Auguste (1798-1857)—French philosopher, founder of positivism.—267, 361, 585
p Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543)—Polish astronomer.—236
p Corneille, Pierre (1606-1684)—dramatist, a founder of French classical tragedy.—39, 190, 21416, 252, 370, 372, 378, 380
p Cranz, David (1723-1777)—author of books on the history of Greenland.—305, 312, 321
_p Cunow, Heinrich (1862-1936)—German Right Social-Democrat, historian, sociologist.—330
708_p Curel, Francois de (1854-1928)—French dramatist.—662-66, 686
_p Cuvier, Georges (1769-1832)—French naturalist.—488
p D
_p D’Alembert, Jean Le Rond (17171783)—French mathematician and philosopher, one of the Encyclopaedists.—372, 383, 628
_p Dalou, Aime Jules (1838-1902)—French sculptor.—414
_p Danilin—590, 591, 602
_p Darwin, Charles Robert (18091882)—English
_p naturalist;
_p founded the scientific theory of evolution in organic world.—
p 268-74, 276-77, 279, 281, 285, 286, 299, 308, 322
p David, Jacques Louis (1748-1825)—French painter.—160, 167, 16869, 174, 260, 390-92, 411, 642, 643, 652
Davydov, Denis Vasilyevich (17841839)—Russian poet, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.—
209p Deffand, Marie, Marquise du (1697-1780)—hostess of a most brilliant literary salon in Paris in the 18th century.—372
_p Delacroix, Eugene (1798-1863)—French painter of the romantic school.—160, 207, 260, 646
_p Delecluze, Etienne Jean (17811863)—French painter, writer and critic.—160
_p Derzhavin, Gavriil Romanovich (1743-1816)—Russian poet.—188, 215
_p Deschamps, Emile (b. 1857)—French traveller.—319
p Dezamy, Theodore (1803-1850)—French Utopian communist.—235-36
_p Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)—French materialist philosopher, writer, head and editor of Encyclopaedia.— 168, 205-06, 383-84, 385, 386, 388-90
p Dingemans, W. J. (b. 1873)—Dutch painter.—416
_p Dobrolyubov, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836-1861)—Russian revolutionary democrat, literary critic, materialist philosopher.—149, 158, 261, 609-30, 632, 633,
p Dorsey, James Owen (1848-1895)—American ethnographer.—306, 313
p Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881)—Russian writer.—41, 513, 523, 546
p Doumic, Rene (1860-1937)—French historian of literature, critic and editor oi’ Revue des deux mondes.— 418, 419, 440
p Dryden, John (1631-1700)—English poet and playwright, theoretician of English classicism.—164
p Du Bois-Reymond, Emil (18181896)—German physiologist; agnostic in his philosophical outlook.—655
_p Dubos, Jean Baptiste (1670-1742)—French historian and art critic, abbot.—379
p Du Camp, Maxime (1822-1894)—French writer, poet.—646, 647
p Duccio di Buoninsegna (c. 12551319)—Italian painter, founder of the sienese school in painting.—651
p Du Chaillu, Paul Belloni (18351903)—French traveller and anthropologist, explorer in Africa.—271, 278, 308, 332
p Dudyshkin, Stepan Semyonovich (1820-1866)—Russian journalist and literary critic.—234
p Dujourny de Villiers, Louis Pierre (1739-1796)—French politician and publicist, Jacobin.—395
_p Dumas, Alexandre “(Dumas fils”) (1824-1895)—French writer.—206-08, 386, 646, 647
p Dupont, Pierre (1821-1870)—French poet.—643
709_p Duran, Carolus (Carolus-Duran), Smile Auguste (1838-1917)—French painter.—412
_p Duse, Eleonora (1858-1924)—Italian actress.—379
_p E
_p Earl—301, 309, 322
_p Ecalampadius—586
_p Elirenreich, Paul (1855-1914)—German ethnographer.—305, 307, 322, 340, 352
p Elizabeth I (Tudor) (1533-1603)—Queen of England (15581603)—163, 164, 279
_p Enfantin, Barthelemy Prosper (17961864)—French Utopian socialist, follower of Saint-Simon.—512
p Engel, Eduard (b. 1851)—German writer, literary critic.—280
_p Engelhardt, Alexander Nikolayevich (1832-1893)—Russian scientist, writer, public figure of liberal Narodnik trend.—62, 67, 68,
p 75, 81
_p Engels, Frederick (1820-1895)—237, 251, 493, 497, 510-11, 515, 529-30, 531, 534, 552, 555, 573, 585, 586, 630
_p Espinas, A Ifred (1844-1922)—French philosopher.—268, 308
p Euripides (c. 480-406 B. CoGreek dramatist.—391
_p Eyre, Edward John (1815-1901)—British colonial officer, explorer in inner Australia.—286, 315-16, 330, 338, 341
p F
_p Fechner, Gustav Theodor (18011887)—German scientist, idealist philosopher, founder of the experimental psychology.—397
Fedotov, Pavel Andreyevich (18151852)—Russian painter.—632
_p Fet, Ajanasi Afanasyevich ( Shenshin)
_p (1820-1892)—Russian
p poet.—581
p Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (18041872)—German materialist philosopher.—234-41, 246, 250-51, 258-59, 261-62, 284, 408, 509, 529-31, 534, 541, 560-61, 567, 582-83, 585, 586, 614, 616, 619, 620, 622, 623, 629-30, 675
p Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (17621814)—German philosopher, one of the most prominent representatives of the German idealist philosophy in the end of the 18th-beginning of the 19th century.—156, 184
p Filippov, Terti Ivanovich (18251899)—Russian publicist, collector and propagandist of Russian folk songs.—612
_p Filosofov, Dmitri Vladimirovich (1872-1940)—Russian reactionary publicist and literary critic, emigrant.—671-73, 686
p Fischer, Kuno (1824-1907)—German historian of philosophy.—421
p Fison, Larimer (1832-1907)—British ethnographer, missionary in the Fiji Islands and in Australia.—306
_p Flaubert, Gustave (1821-1880)—French writer.—206, 208, 607, 641, 647-48, 653, 660, 661, 665, 680-81, 684
p Flers, Camille (1802-1868)—French landscape painter.—282
_p Fleuriot-Lescot, Jean Baptiste Edouard (1761-1794)—participant in the French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century, mayor of Paris.—394
p Foa, Edouard (1862-1901)—French traveller.—338
p Fonvizin, Denis Ivanovich (17441792)—Russian writer and dramatist.—181, 183, 219
710p Foscolo, Niccolb Ugo (1778-1827)—Italian poet, participant in the liberation struggle.—174
_p Fourier, Charles (1772-1837)—French Utopian socialist.—207, 452, 509, 515, 525, 527-28, 529
p France, Anatole (1844-1924)—French writer.—406
p Frazer, James George (1854-1941)—British scientist, author of works on primitive religion.—284, 340-41
_p Fritsch, Gustav Theodor (18381927)—German traveller and naturalist.—325, 326, 354
p G
_p Galle, Johann Gottfried (18121910)—German astronomer, discovered the planet Neptune which was theoretically foreseen by Leverrier.—236
p Gandara, A ntonio de la (1862-1917)——Spanish painter.—410
_p Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807-1882)—Italian revolutionary, democrat, leader of the national liberation movement in Italy.—487
_p Garrick, David (1717-1779)—English actor.—164, 280, 371
p Garshin, Vsevolod Mikhailovich (1855-1888)—Russian writer.—42
_p Gautier, Theophile (1811-1872)—French romantic writer and poet.—206-07, 638-43, 647, 648, 651-54, 658, 660, 664-65
p Genevay—387
_p George Sand (Aurore Dudeuant) (1804-1876)—French writer.—39, 178, 195, 210, 652, 653, 660, 684
p Gericault, Theodore (1791-1824)—French realist painter.—160, 168, 392
_p Gessler, Hermann (d. 1307)—the Landvogt of the Swiss cantons Schwyz and Uri, vicegerent of the Austrian Empire.—469-70
_p Gloli, Francesco (1849-1922)—Italian painter.—410
_p Giotto (1266 or 1267-1337)—Italian painter, father of Renaissance. —651
p Gironiere, de la—301. 309
_p Gleizes, Albert^ Leon (1881-1953)—French painter, representative and theoretician of cubism.—677
p Godunov, Boris Fyodorovich (c. 1551-1605)—Tsar of Russia (1598-1605).—105
p Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (17491832)—great German poet and thrinker.—103, 178, 180, 194, 199-200, 223, 438, 487, 494, 502, 606-07
_p Gogol, Nikolai Vasilyevich (18091852)—Russian writer.—149, 158, 194-96, 568, 610, 612, 620, 628, 632
p Gola, Emilia (b. 1852)—Italian painter.—410
p Golitsyn, Dmitri Alexeyevich (17341803)—prince, Russian scientist, writer and diplomat, author of works on natural science, philosophy and economics, friend of Voltaire and Diderot.—671
_p Goncourt brothers, Edmond (18221896) and Jules (1830-1870)—French writers, authors of a number of historic and critical works.—167, 387, 394-95, 641, 647
p Gorky, Maxim (Peshkov Alexei Maximovich) (1868-1936)—Soviet writer.—466-83
_p Gracchus, Tiberius (163-133 B. C.) and Gaius (153-121 B. C.)—political figures in ancient Rome.—193, 250
_p Grasset, Joseph (1849-1918)—French professor of medicine, philosopher.—655
711_p Greiffer.hagen, Maurice (b. 1862)—English painter.—410-12
p Greuze, Jean Baptists (1725-1805)—French painter.—389-90
p Grey, George (1812-1898)—British traveller, explorer in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.—354-56
p Griboijedov, Alexander Sergeyevich (1795-1829)—Russian writer, author of the comedy Wit Works Woe.— 86, 139, 191-93
p Grimm, Friedrich Melchior (17231807)—man of letters, diplomat, member of Encyclopaedists’ group, publisher of Literary Correspondence.—290, 388
_p Groos, Karl (1861-1946)—German psychologist, aesthetician and philosopher.—314-15, 317, 31819
p Gros, Antoine Jean (1771-1835)—French artist, author of battlepieces.—392
p Grosse, Ernst (1862-1927)—German sociologist, ethnographer, historian of art,—285-86, 289, 329, 337, 338, 353-55, 358-59
p Griin, Karl (1817-1887)—German petty-bourgeois socialist, publisher of the Feuerbach’s literary heritage.—238
_p Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French historian and statesman.—162-66, 173, 176-77, 292, 499, 572
_p Camilla, Jose (1686-1750)—Spanish missionary and traveller.—321
_p Gustavus II Adolphus (1594-1632)—King of Sweden (1611-32).—249
_p H
_p llaberlandt, Michael (1860-1940)—Austrian ethnographer.—340, 342
_p Uaeckel, Ernst (1834-1919)—German biologist, Darwinist.—273
Hahn, Theophilus—298
p Hall, Charles (1745-1825)—British Utopian socialist, economist.—515
_p Hamsun, Knut (1859-1952)—Norwegian writer.—590-92, 60004, 607-08, 660-62, 664-65, 686
_p Hans, Wilhelm—UO, 447
_p Harmodius (6th cent.
_p B. C.)—
_p participator in the
_p conspiracy
_p against tyrannical
p rulers of Athens.—681
_p Hassenfratz, Jean Henri (17551827)—a leader of the French revolution, Jacobin.—394-95
_p Hauptmann, Gerhart (1862-1946)—German playwright.—400
p Haverman, Hendrik Johannes (18571928)—Dutch painter.—412-13
_p Haxthausen, August (1792-1866)—Prussian official and writer, author of the work describing vestiges of village commune system in Russia.—525, 527
p Heckewelder, John (1743-1823)—Moravian missionary.—283, 303, 323, 341
p Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—prominent representative of classical German philosophy of the end of the 18th-beginning of the 19th century.—40, 59, 150-53, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 17072, 178-79, 184-88, 192, 194,
_p ’ 197, 205, 214, 215, 217, 223, 234, 246-48, 250-51, 267, 360, 420-21, 422, 442, 450, 503, 50809, 522, 523, 529, 531, 535, 537, 540, 551, 553-54, 556, 574, 582, 602, 617, 619, 630
p Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—great German poet.—115, 408, 588, 618
p Hellwald, Friedrich von (18421892)—Austrian sociologist, ethnographer and historian of culture.—313
712_p ffelvetius, Claude Adrien (17151771)—French materialist philosopher.—236, 274, 616, 671
_p Henry IV (1553-1610)—King of France (1594-1610).—370
_p Hermans, Charles (b. 1839)—Belgian painter.—409
p Herodotus (c. 484-425 B. C.)—Greek historian.—248
_p Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (18121870)—-Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, writer, publicist.—87,105, 203, 485-90, 493-96, 498, 50007, 514-23, 524-25. 533, 536537, 554, 558, 634
p Hettner, Hermann (1821-1882)—German historian of literature.—381, 386
_p Hippius, Zinaida Nikolayevna (1869-1945)—Russian poet and writer, representative of decadence in Russian literature, emigree from 1921.—668-74, 686
_p Hoernes, Moritz (1852-1917)—Austrian archaeologist.—326, 374
_p Hobbes Thomas (1588-1679)—English materialist philosopher.—239
p flodler, Ferdinand (1853-1918)—Swiss painter.—400
p Hofstetter. J. A. (b. 1863)—liberal Narodnik; accused Marxists of seeking to “impose” capitalism and accelerate the loss of land by the peasants and the ruin of small farms.—212
_p Holbach, Paul Henri (1723-1789)—French materialist philosopher.—236-39, 616
_p Holmes, Oliver Wendell (18091894)—American writer.—353
_p Homer—legendary Greek poet.—178, 290
_p Hooch, Pieter de (1629-c. 1685)—Dutch painter.—405-06
_p Hovelacque, Alexandre Abel (18431896)—French linguist, ethno-
_p grapher and anthropologist.—71
_p Howitt, Alfred (1830-1908)British ethnographer, specialist in Australia.—306
p Hiibner, Rudolf Julius (18061882)—German painter.—354
p Hugo, Victor (1802-1885)—French writer and poet, romanticist.—163, 198, 206-07, 372, 478, 479, 572, 588, 641
p Hume, David (1711-1776)—British agnostic philosopher.—152, 236, 280, 371, 379
_p Huret, Jules (1864-1915)—French journalist, published several collections of well-known persons’ dicta on literature, social life, etc.—650
p Hutchinson—354
p Hutten, Ulrich von (1488-1523)—German humanist and politician, ideologist of chivalry.—586
p Huxley, Thomas (1825-1895)—English biologist, propagator of Darwinist theory, inconsistent materialist in philosophy.—152
_p Huysmans, Joris Karl (1848-1907)—French writer, decadent and symbolist.—655-57
_p I
p Ibsen, Henrlk (1828-1906)—Norwegian dramatist.—400, 406, 418, 465, 593, 594
_p Inama-Sternegg, Karl Theodor von (1843-1908)—German economist and historian.—348
_p Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique (1780-1867)—French painter.—412
_p Israels, Josef (1824-1911)—Dutch painter.—407, 408
p Ivanov, Alexander Andreyevich (1806-1858)—Russian painter.—632
713p Ivanov -Razumnik (Ivanov, Razumnlk Vasiljievich) (1878-1946)—Russian literary critic and publicist; regarded the history of Russian literature as the history of struggle of the exclusive circle of the non-estate intelligentsia for the assertion of ethical individualism.—484-85, 488-558, 642
p Jacymirski, Alexander Ivanouich (1873-1925)—Polish literary critic, linguist, Slavonic scholar.—598
_p /aecWz, Gusto (1866-1907)—German journalist, Social-Democrat; author of the book International.—590
p Janssen, Johannes (1829-1891)—German historian.—105
p Jochelson, Vladimir Ilyich (18551937)—revolutionary Narodnik, during the Jakut exile studied the everyday life of the local peoples.—281-82, 354, 356, 357
_p Joest, Wilhelm (1852-1897)—German traveller, ethnographer.—337, 338, 339, 341-42
_p Josselin di Jong, Pieter (18611906)—Dutch painter.—413
p Julleville—386
_p Jusserand, Jean Adrien Antoine Jules (1855-1932)—French writer and diplomat, author of works on English literature.—280
p K
_p Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)—founder of German classical philosophy, idealist.—232, 234, 236, 396, 420-21, 540, 573, 671, 674, 678
_p Kantemir, Antiokh Dmitriyevich (1708-1744)—Russian writer, satirist.—183
Kapnist, Vasily Vasilyevich (17571823)—Russian playwright and poet.—183
p Kareyev, Nikolai Ivanovich (18501931)—Russian liberal historian.—547
_p Karonin, S. (Pelropavlovsky, Nikolai Yelpidiforovich) (18531892)—Russian writer, Narodnik; described the postreform village.—73, 76, 81, 82, 83, 88-127, 147, 425
p Kasprowicz, Jan (1860-1926)—Polish decadent poet.—597, 598, 600, 601
_p Kavelin, Konstantin Dmitriyevich (1818-1885)—Russian historian and jurist, liberal, opponent of revolutionary-democratic movement.—524
_p Kaula— German, famous for the process of the French War Minister Cissey.—81
p Keats, John (1795-1821)—English romantic poet.—414, 560
_p Khalturin, Stepan Nikolayevich (1856-1882)—one of the first Russian revolutionary workers, member of the NarodnayaVolya party, participated in the attempts on the lives of the tsar and his officials.—472
_p Kheraskov, Mikhail Matveyevich (1733-1807)—Russian writer.—183
p Kierkegaard, Soren (1813-1855)—Danish poet, mystical philosopher.—437, 438
p Kinglake, Alexander William (1809-1891)—English historian, author of the History of the Crimean War which appeared in several volumes.—572
_p Kirei/evsky, Ivan Vasilyevich (18061856)—Russian publicist, a founder of Slavophilism.—588
_p Klutschak—305, 316, 321
_p Knox—299
_p Koltsov, Alexei Vasilyevich (18091842)—Russian poet.—194
Kovalevsky, Maxim Marimovich (1851-1916)—Russian scientist.
714 lawyer, historian and sociologist.—295, 297, 302, 304p Kramskoi, Ivan Nikolayevich (18371887)—Russian painter and art propagandist.—633
p .Kravchinsky, Sergei Mikhailovich (Stepnyak-Kravchincky) (18511895)—Russian writer, publicist, took an active part in revolutionary Narodism.—37
p .Krivenko, Sergei Nikolayevich (1847-1906)—representative of liberal Narodism in 1890s, opposed Marxists.—547, 549-50
p Kruzenstern, Ivan Fyodorovich (1770-1846)—Russian ’. sailor, admiral, organiser oi the first Russian round-the-world voyage (1803-06).—366
_p Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich (17691844)—Russian fabulist.—211, 425, 474, 502, 587
p .Kubary, Jan Stanislaw (18461896)—Polish ethnographer.—341
p Kudryavtsev, Dmitri Rostislavovich (d. 1906)—follower of Tolstoy’s theory, published the collection of dicta The Ripe Ears.— 569, 574
_p Kukolnik, Nestor Vasili/evich (18091868)—Russian playwright, author of pseudopatriotic works.—637, 645
p La Chausfee, Pierre Claude Nivelle de (1692-1754)—French dramatist.—383, 389
_p La Chesnais, Pierre George (b. 1865)—French publicist and art critic.—431, 458
p Laermans, Eugene (1864-1940)—Belgian painter.—408, 417
_p Lafitau, Joseph Francois (16701740)—French investigator of the mode of life of North American Indians.—302-03, 307, 322, 336, 342
p La Fontaine, Jean de (1621-1695)—French fabulist.—368
p Lamartine, Alphonse de (17901869)—French poet, historian and politician.—646, 647
p La Meltrie, Julien Offroy de (17091751)—French materialist philosopher, atheist.—238
p Lammers, Gustav Adolf (1802-1878) Norwegian priest, painter and art critic.—437-38
_p Lange, Friedrich Albert (18281875)—German historian of philosophy, neo-Kantian.—234-36, 237, 240, 531, 655
_p Langer, von—340
_p Lanson, Gustave (1857-1934)—French historian of literature.—370, 378
_p Laprade, Pierre Martin Victor (1812-1883)—French poet.—645, 646
p Larsson, Carl (1853-1919)—Swedish painter.—402, 405-06
p Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864)—German publicist, pettybourgeois socialist, a founder of an opportunist trend in the German working-class movement.—84, 455, 497, 586, 624
_p Ldszlo, Elek Fiilijp (1869-1937)—Hungarian painter who lived in England.—410
_p Laurent-Pichat, Leon (1823-1886)—French poet and publicist.—
p 607, 654
p Lavrov, Pyotr Lavrovich (18231900)—one of prominent ideologists of Narodism, represented subjective school in sociology.—499-500, 533-34, 537, 540-41
p Law, John de Lauriston (16711729)—British economist, financier, Minister of Finance in France (1719-21); famous for his speculations in issuing paper money.—381
715_p Le Bon, Joseph (1765-1795)—participated in the French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century, Jacobin.—393
_p Le Brun, Charles (1619-1690)—French painter.—282, 386-88
_p Leconte de Lisle, Charles (18181894)—French poet.—642, 64344, 647, 656, 672
_p Leger, Fernand (1881-1955)—French painter.—678
_p Legrand—300
p Lemierre, Antoine Marie (17231793)—French poet, anticlericalist.—385
p Le Notre, Andre (1613-1700)—French architect, created the parks of Versailles.—372
p Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)—painter of genius, scientist of the Italian Renaissance.—460, 675-76, 685
p Lerminier, Jean Louis Eugene (1803-1857)—French publicist, professor of comparative law.—186
p Lermontov, Mikhail Yurii/evich (1814-1841)—Russian poet.—39, 42, 195, 202, 496, 598, 628
p Leroux, Pierre (1797-1871)—French petty-bourgeois Utopian socialist, created the theory of the so-called Christian socialism.—652
p Lessing, Golthold Ephraim (17291781)—German Enlightener, critic, publicist and dramatist.—223, 229, 232-33, 380, 563
p Letourneau, Charles Jean Marie (1831-1902)—French sociologist and ethnographer.—305-06, 315, 320
Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph (1811-1877)—French astronomer who predicted the existence of the planet Neptune.—236
p Levery, John (1856-1941)—Irish painter.—410
p Lichkov, Leonid Semyonovich (1855-1943)—Russian statistician and publicist.—550
p Lichtenstein, Martin Heinrich (1780-1857)—German traveller and zoologist, author of Reisen im sudlichen Africa.— 298, 306, 307, 317, 320
_p Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826-1900)—prominent figure in the international working-class movement; a leader of German Social-Democracy and of the Second International.—87
p Lippert, Julius (1839-1909)—Austrian ethnographer and historian.—298
p Livinsgtpne, Charles (1821-1873)—British missionary and traveller.—277, 316, 344-45, 364
p Livingstone, David (1813-1873)—British missionary, traveller, explorer in Africa.—271, 277, 316, 344-45, 364
p Longuet, Jean (1876-1938)—French publicist, a reformist leader of the French socialist party and of the Second International.—454, 455, 456
p Lothar, Rudolph (1865-d. after 1933)—German writer, dramatist.—433, 434, 437-38, 443, 445
_p Lotze, Hermann (1817-1881)—German physiologist and idealist philosopher.—283
_p Louis Philippe (1773-1850)—King of France (1830-48).—572, 640
p Louis XIII (1601-1643)—King of France (1610-43).—377
_p Louis XIV (1638-1715)—King of Franco (1643-1715).—167, 174, 187, 294, 362, 371, 372, 378, 380, 382, 386-88, 395, 645
p Louis XV (1710-1774)—King of France (1715-74).—167, 258, 387, 388
716_p Lubbock, John (1834-1913)—British ethnographer, studied the development of human society.—355
p Lubke, Wilhelm (1826-1893)—German historian of art.—288, 329, 364
_p Lucius Tarquinius Superbus “(the Proud”) (6th cent. B. C.)—according to the legend, the last king of Rome.—586
p Lugardon, J.-L. (1801-1884)—260
_p Lunacharsky, Anatoli Vasilijevich (1875-1933)—Russian SocialDemocrat, professional revolutionary, after the October Socialist revolution prominent Soviet statesman, the People’s Commissar for Education. During the years of reaction (1907-10) deviated from Marxism, advocated the combination of Marxism and religion.—588, 631, 684-87
_p Lycurgus—legendary legislator of ancient Sparta.—386, 392
_p M
p Mach, Ernst (1838-1916)—Austrian physicist and idealist philosopher.—573
_p Mackay, John Henry (1864-1933)—German writer of Scottish origin, anarchist.—599, 673
_p Magrini, Adolfo (b. 1874)—Italian painter and graphic artist.—413
p Maikov, Apollon Nikolayevich (1821-1897)—Russian poet.—195
_p Maintcnon, Francois? d’Aubigne, Marquise de (1635-1719)—second wife of Louis XIV.—281
_p Mairet, Jean d<> (1604-1686)—French playwright.—378
_p Man, Edward Horace (1846-1929)—British ethnographer.—301, 319
_p Marillier— 334
p Marlinsky—see Bestuzhev, A. A.
p Marmontel, Jean Francois (17231799)—French writer, member of the Encyclopaedia board.—380, 394
p Martins, Karl Friedrich Philipp (1794-1868)—German naturalist and traveller.—307, 320, 322, 331
p Marx, Karl (1818-1883).—53, 72, 78, 85-87, 89-90, 105, 251, 261, 309, 302, 455, 497, 504, 505, 509-11, 514-15, 520, 52933, 534, 545, 540-48, 551-56, 557, 572, 573, 583-85, 630, 656, 683
p Mauclair, Camille (1872-1945)—French writer and art critic.—402, 676, 082-83
p Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805-1872)—Italian revolutionary, pettybourgeois democrat, a leader of the struggle for the emancipation and unification of Italy.—487
_p Mehring, Franz (1846-1919)—a leader of the Left wing of German Social-Democracy, publicist and historian, author of works on history, philosophy and world literature.—380
_p Melchers, Gari (1860-1932)—American painter.—409
_p Menant, Joachim (1820-1899)—French Orientalist, expert on Assyria.—56
_p Mendeleycv, Dmitri Iranovich (1834-1907)—Russian scientist, chemist.—87
p Menzel, Wolfgang (1798-1873)—German writer, critic and historian.—180
_p Merezhkovsky, Dmitri Sergeyevich (1866-1941)—Russian writer and critic, preacher of refined religiosity and mysticism.—67173, 686
p Metzingcr, Juan (1>. 1883)—French painter and art critic.—677, 678
717p Mrunier, Constantin (1831-1905)—outstanding Belgian sculptor, painter and graphic artist.—414-17
_p Michelangelo Buonarotti (14751504)—Italian sculptor of genius, painter and architect.—282, 335, 414-15
p Michelet, Jules (1798-1874)—French historian.—186, 517
_p Michiels, Alfred (1813-1892)—French historian of painting and man of letters.—219-20
p Mignct, Francois Auguste (17961884)—French historian.—185
_p Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Konstantinovich (1842-1904)—Russian sociologist and publicist, one of the most prominent ideologists of liberal Narodism.—170, 498, 514-16, 533-34, 536-46, 550, 555-58, 563
p Milesi, Alessandro (1856-1945)—Venetian painter.—410
_p Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)—English economist; positivist philosopher.—434, 493, 533, 601, 602
_p Milo of Crotona—famous Greek athlete.—652
p Miltiades (6-5th cent. B. C.)—Athenian general and statesman.—156
_p Milyukov, Pavel Nikolayevich (1859-1943)—Russian historian, a leader of the bourgeois Cadet party.—588
_p Minsky, N. (Vilcnkin, Nikolai Maximovich)
p (1885-1937)—
p Russian poet, preached individualism in art; in October 1905 was invited, for censorship and tactics reasons, by the Bolshevik newspaper New Life as editor and publisher.—600
Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel (17491791)—prominent figure in the French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century,
p ideologist of the big bourgeoisie.—487, 494, 497
p Moleschott, Jacob (1822-1893)—Dutch physiologist, representative of vulgar materialism.—234, 238, 239
_p Moliere, Jean Baptists (Poquelin) (1622-1673)—French playwright and actor.—275, 370, 372, 380, 381, 568, 611
_p Monnot, Claude (1733-1808)—French sculptor.—390
p More, Thomas (1478-1535)—English Utopian socialist.—39
_p Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818-1881)—American scientist, enthnographer, investigator of the primitive society.—329
p Morillot, Paul (b. 1858)—French literary critic.—369-70
_p Mortillet, Gabriel (1821-1898)—French archaeologist and anthropologist.—326, 351, 352, 355, 356
_p Mouton, Adrien (1741-1820)—French architect.—389-90
_p Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (17561791)—great Austrian composer.-204
_p Munkaczy, Mihaly (1844-1900)—Hungarian painter.—406, 417
_p Murdoch—302
_p Musset, Alfred de (1810-1857)—French romantic poet.—640, 646
p N
_p Napoleon I (1769-1821)—Emperor of France (1804-14 and 1815).—169, 572, 645, 682
_p Napoleon III (1808-1873)—Emperor of France (1852-70).—81, 645-46
_p Narezhny, Vastly Trofunovich (1780-1825)—Russian writer.—644
718p Naumov, Nikolai Ivanovich (18381901)—Russin writer, Narodnik.—128-48
_p Nekrasov, Nikolai Alexeyevich (1821-1878)—Russian poet, democrat.—38, 67, 369, 416, 478, 479, 480, 569, 599, 632
p Nero (37-68)—Roman Emperor (54-68).—681
_p Nevedomsky, M. (Miklashevsky, Mikhail Petrovich) (1866-1943)—Russian publicist.—574
p Neveu—394-95
p Nicholas I (1796-1855)—Emperor of Russia (1825-55).—496, 634, 637, 644, 645, 647, 681
p Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900)—German philosopher, voluntarist and irrationalist.—412, 440, 461, 605, 608, 664, P65, 672
_p Nieuwenhuis, Domela (1846-1919)—prominent figure in Dutch working-class movement, anarchist.—412
p Nikitin, Ivan Savvlch (1824-1861)—Russian poet, democrat.—609
_p Nikoladze, Niko Yakovlevich (18431928)—Georgian public figure, journalist and literary critic.—545-46
p Nod, Arturo (b. 1875)—Italian painter.—410
_p N.-on (Danielson, Nikolai Frantsevich) (1844-1918)—Russian writer, economist, an ideologist of liberal Narodism.—231
_p Nordau, Max Simon (1849-1923)—German writer.—431, 551
Nordenskiold, Nils Adolf Erik (1832-1901)—Swedish polar explorer.—307, 326
Op Ogarev, Nikolai Platonovich (18131877)—Russian public figure, journalist and poet; together with Herzen published the journal Kolokol.—526
p Ordi/nsky, Boris Ivanovich (18231861)—Russian scientist, historian of the antique literature.—220, 230
_p Osipova, Praskovia Alexandrovna (1781-1859)—close friend of A. S. Pushkin.—202
_p Ostrovskij, Alexander Nikolayevich (1823-1886)—Russian
_p play-
_p wright.—609-30, 644, 645, 647
p Owen, Robert (1771-1858)—British Utopian socialist.—509, 515, 529, 622
_p Panayev, Ivan Ivanovich (18121862)—Russian writer and journalist, publisher.—178, 179, 195
p Pancow—309, 327-28
_p Paskevich, Ivan Fyodorovich (17821856)—Russian GeneralFieldMarshal, commanded Russian troops in the Caucasus in 182628; was vicegerent in Poland.—637
_p Pericles (c. 490-429 B. C.)—290
p Perov, Vastly Grigoriyevich (1833/ 34-1882)—Russian painter.—632
p Perugino (Pietro Vannucci) ( between 1445 and 1452-1523)—Italian painter of the Renaissance.—651
p Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich (17931826)—prominent figure and ideologist of the Decembrist movement.—545
_p Peter I (1672-1725)—Tsar of Russia (1682-1721) and Emperor (1721-25).—39, 108, 124, 519, 520, 670
_p Philip II (1527-1598)—King of Spain (1556-98).—162
_p Pica, Vittorio—Italian art critic.—399, 401, 415
719p Piron, Alexis (1689-1773)—French poet and dramatist.—387
_p Pisarev, Dmitri Ivanovich (18401868)—Russian critic, revolutionary democrat.—174-76, 198, 200, 202-03, 211, 212-13, 222, 225-26, 233, 389, 579, 629, 631, 638, 657
_p Pisemshy, Alexei Feofilaktouich (1821-1881)—Russian writer.—174, 176
p Plato (427-347 B. C.)—Greek idealist philosopher.—544, 681-
_p Plehve, Vyacheslav Konstanlinovich (1846-1904)—Russian reactionary statesman, Minister of the Interior and gendarme chief.—573
_p Plutarch (c. 46-c. 127)—Greek writer.—168, 385
_p Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849)—American writer and poet.—654
p Pogodin, Mikhail Petrovich (18001875)—Russian historian and publicist.—612
p Polack, Joel Samuel (1807-1882)—English traveller, author of the work on New Zealand.—304
p Polevoi, Nikolai Alexeyevich (17961846)—Russian journalist, writer and historian.—186, 645
p Polevoi, Pyotr Nikolayevich (18391902)—writer, literary critic.—179, 181, 182, 194
_p Polevoi, Xenophont A lexeyevich (1801-1867)—Russian publisher and writer, brother of N. A. Polevoi.—645
p Polybius (c. 201-c. 120 B. C.)—Greek historian.—293
p Pompadour, Marquise de (Jeanne Antoinette Poisson) (1721-1764)—• favourite of Louis XV.—387
Pope, Alexander (1688-1744)—English poet and theoretician of literature.—164, 280, 371, 380
p Popov, Mikhail Rodionovich (18511909)—Russian revolutionary, Narodnik.—472
p Poussin, Nicolas (1594-1665)—French painter, a major representative of classicism.—29394
_p Powell, John Wesley (1834-1902)—American geologist and ethnographer.—302-04, 306, 320
p Prescott—318
p Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (18091865)—French petty-bourgeois publicist, economist and sociologist, an ideologist of anarchism.—491, 528, 545, 558, 572.
p Przybyszewski, Stanislaw (18681927)—Polish writer, decadent and mystic.—599, 605, 673
p Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich (1799-1837)—Russian poet.—39, 193, 195, 199-204, 20813, 216, 218, 220-21, 252, 483, 541, 568, 598, 628, 633, 634-38, 643, 644, 645, 647, 657, 658, 665, 678-81
_p Pypin, Alexander Nikolayevich. (1833-1904)—historian of Russian literature.—178, 188, 191,. 195
p R
p Racine, JeanBaptiste (1639-1699)—French playwright, the most prominent representative of classicism of the 18th century.—39, 190, 216, 252, 294, 370, 372, 380
p Radishchev, Alexander Nikolayevich (1749-1802)—Russian writer, Enlightener, came out against autocracy and serfdom.—515
p Rambouillet, Catherine (15881665)—marquise, hostess of the celebrated literary salon in Paris.-367
p Raphael (Raffaello Santi) (14831520)—great Italian painter.—39, 244, 408, 487, 494, 639, 648, 650-51
720p Ratzel, Friedrich (1844-1904)—German geographer, traveller and naturalist.—278, 305, 309, 319, 322, 331, 336-39, 343, 347, 357
p Razumovsky, Alexei Kirillovich (1748-1822)—Minister of Public Education under Alexander I (1810-16).—644
_p Reclus, Jean Jacques Elisee (18301905)—French geographer and sociologist, theoretician of anarchism.—345
p Rembrandt, Harmensz van Rijn (1606-1669)—Dutch painter.—162
_p Renan, Ernest (1823-1892)—French historian, philologist, eclectical philosopher.—654, 682
p Reshetnikov, Fyodor Mikhailovich (1841-1871)—Russian writer, democrat.—104
p Ribeiro, Juan (17 cent.)—Portuguese writer and general; fought the Dutch in Ceylon.—300
p Ricardo, David (1772-1823)—English economist, representative of classical bourgeois political economy.—532, 533, 655
p Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis (1585-1642)—French statesman, cardinal.—190, 215, 371
_p Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Karl Johann (1805-1875)—German vulgar economist.—532, 533
_p Rodin, Auguste (1840-1917)—French sculptor.—410, 414
p Rogers, James Edwin Thorold (1823-1890)—British economist and historian.—105
_p Roland de La Platiere, Jeanne Manon (1754-1793)—active figure of the party of the big bourgeoisie—Girondists during the French bourgeois revolution.—385
_p Ronsard, Pierre (1524-1585)—French poet.—187
p Rossetti, Dante Gabriel (18281882)—English poet and painter.—411, 412
_p Rotscher, Heinrich Theodor (18031871)—German art critic.—• 182, 183, 219
p Rotta, Silvio (1853-1913)- Italian painter.—408, 417
_p Rousseau, Jean Jacques (17121778)—French Enlightener, ideologist of petty bourgeoisie.—487, 494, 588-89
_p Rousseau, Theodore (1812-1867)—French landscape painter.—282
p Rousseau, Victor (b. 1865)—Belgian sculptor.—414
_p Ruskin, John (1819-1900)—English theoretician of art, publicist.—604, 648-49, 659
p Sadovsky, Prov Mikhailovich (18181872)—Russian actor.—612
p Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (1804-1869)—French literary critic and poet.—184-85, 218, 292
p Saint-Simon, Henri-Claude (17601825)—French Utopian socialist.—39, 116, 207, 267, 268, 361, 362, 509, 527, 528
_p Samarin, Yuri Fyodorovich (18191876)—Russian publicist, representative of Slavophils.—524
p Sanctis, Giuseppe de (1859-1924)—Italian artist.—-410
p Sarasin. Fritz (1859-1942)—Swiss zoologist and traveller.—299, 307, 309, 321, 325
_p Sarasin, Paul (1856-1929)—Swiss traveller, zoologist, ethnographer.—299, 307, 309, 321, 325
p Saurin, Bernard Joseph (17061781)—French playwright.—385
721_p Sazonov, Yegor Sergeyevich (18791910)—Russian SocialistRevolutionary, terrorist.—573
_p Schadenberg, Alexander (b. 1896)—Austrian ethnographer.—301, 314, 319
p Schattenstein—398
p Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm (17751854)—German philosopher, objective idealist.—155, 156, 170, 234
p Schiller, Johann Friedrich (17591805)—German poet and dramatist.—98, 178, 182, 19395, 223, 315, 469, 470, 487, 494
p Schomburgk, Robert Hermann (1804-1865)—German traveller and naturalist.—312, 346
_p Schoolcrajt, Henry Rows (17931864)—American ethnographer, author of works on Indian tribes in America.—270, 318, 331, 343, 356
p Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788-1860)—German idealist philosopher.—156, 563
p Schweinfurth, Georg August (18361925)—German ethnographer and naturalist, explorer in Africa.—271, 278, 282, 284, 321, 323, 338, 339, 344, 34748, 349, 364
_p Scudery, Madeleine de (16071701)—French writer, author of gallant adventurous novels.—187, 368, 369
_p Sechenov, Ivan Mikhailovich (18291905)—Russian
_p naturalist,
p founder of materialist physiology.-269-70
_p Sedaine, Michel Jean (1719-1797)—French dramatist, author of comic libretti.—389
_p Semon Richard Wolfgang (18591918)—German naturalist.—325, 357
_p Sergeyev-Tsenfky, Sergei Nikolayevich (1875-1958)—Russian Soviet writer.—670
46-0766
p Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Coper (1671-1713)—English, materialist philosopher.—164
_p Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)—great English playwright.—160, 163, 164, 178, 183, 198-99, 205, 249, 252, 279, 280, 371, 372, 379-80, 418, 459, 568, 611
_p Shaw, George Bernard (1856-1950)—British dramatist and publicist.—456
_p Schedrin (Saltykov-Schedrin),
p Mikhail Yefgrafovich ( 18261889)—Russian satirical writer.—661
p Shcheglov, Dmitri Fyodorovich (d. 1902)—Russian historian and archaeologist.—39
p Shchogolev, Pavel Yeliseyevich (1877-1931)—Russian Soviet literary critic.—637
p Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792-1822)—English romantic poet.—414, 560, 561, 605-06
p Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Platan Alexandrovich (1790-1853)—Minister of Public Education in 1850-53.—644, 647, 681
p Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph (17481836)—abbot, prominent figure in the French bourgeois revolution of the end of the 18th century.—461, 486, 497, 642
p Sismondi, Jean (1773-1842)—Swiss economist, pettybourgeois critic of capitalism.—515
p Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—British economist, one of the most prominent representatives of classical bourgeois political economy.—71
_p Socrates (469-399 B. C.)—Greek idealist philosopher.—247-48, 250-51, 391, 629
_p Sokulov, N. M.—396
p Solouyov, Sergei Mikhailovich (1820-1879)—Russian historian.—54
722_p Sombart, Werner (1863-1941)—German economist; presented capitalism as a harmonious economical system.—467, 468
_p Sophocles (c. 497-406 B. C.)—Greek dramatist.—171, 183, 184, 335
_p Soury, Jules Augusts (1842-1915)—French philosopher, neoKantian.—655
p Speke, John Harming (1827-1864)—British traveller, explorer in Africa.—365
p Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)—English positivist philosopher.—311-12, 315, 317, 601
p Speransky, Valentin Nikolayevich—privat-dozent of the St. Petersburg University, historian of philosophy.—685
p Spinoza, Baruch (Benedict) (16321677)—Dutch materialist philosopher.—152, 567
p Stael-Holstein, Anne Louise Germaine de (1766-1817)—French writer, developed ideas of bourgeois enlightenment.—162, 29093
_p Stanley, Henry Morton (real name John Rowlands) (1841-1904)—British traveller and explorer in Africa.—323, 331-32, 345, 347
p Stasov, Vladimir Vasilyevich (18241906)—Russian music and art critic.—632
p St. Augustine, Aurelius Augustinus (354-430)—Christian theologian and mystical philosopher.—561, 583
_p Steinen, Karl (1855-1929)—German ethnographer and traveller.—282, 284, 286, 303, 307, 313, 330, 332, 334, 336, 337, 342, 343, 354, 356, 358
_p Stevenson, Matilda Coxe (18501915)—American ethnographer.—306, 321
_p Stirner, Max (real name Kaspar Schmidt) (1806-1856)—German
_p idealist philosopher, theoretician of anarchism.—234, 304
p Stolpe, Hjalmar (1841-1905)—Swedish geographer and ethnographer.—351, 353
p Stolypin, Pyotr Arkadyeuich(l862- 1911)—statesman in tsarist Russia, Minister of the Interior and prime minister in 190611.-579-80
_p Strakhov, Nikolai Nikolayevich (1828-1896)—Russian publicist, critic, idealist philosopher.—235, 504
_p Struve, Pyotr Berngardovich (18701944)—Russian
p economist,
p from 1890s representative of "legal marxism”, then one of the leaders of the Cadet bourgeois party; after the Great October Revolution white emigre.—547, 552, 553
_p Stuarts—royal dynasty that ruled in Scotland (from 1371) and in England (1603-49 and 16601714).—274
_p Sudermann, Hermann
_p (1857-
_p 1928)—German novelist and dramatist.—674
_p Sumarokov, Alexander Petrovich (1717-1777)—Russian writer.—183, 534
p Tabarant, Adolphe (b. 1863)—Belgian writer.—656
_p Taine, Hyppolite (1828-1893)—French art and literary critic, historian.—166, 219, 280-82, 293-94, 372, 378, 431, 609
p Talamini, Guglielmo (1868-1917)—Italian painter.—410
p Tarde, Gabriel (1843-1904)—French sociologist, criminologist and psychologist.—274, 280
_p Tennent, James Emerson (18041869)—English traveller, politician and writer.—299, 300, 321
723_p Thackeray, William Makepiece (1811-1864)—English realist \vriter.-223
_p Themistocles (c. 525-c. 460 B. C.)—Athenian general and politician.—156
_p Thierry, Augustin (1795-1856)—French historian.—472
_p Thiers, Adolphe (1797-1877)—French politician and historian.—81, 185, 572
_p Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)—medieval scholastic philosopher.—573
p Thucydides (c. 460-c. 400 B. C.)—Greek historian.—293
_p Tojanari, Salvino—Spanish painter of the end of the 19thbeginning of the 20th century.—410
_p Toland, John (1670-1722)—British materialist philosopher.—23940
p Tolstoi, Alexei Konstantinovich (1817-1875)—Russian poet and playwright.—667
_p Tolstoy, Lev Nikolayevich (18281910)—Russian writer.—39, 41, 66, 114, 226, 263, 264, 322, 334-35, 360, 361, 482, 559-89
_p Toorop, Jan (1858-1928)—Dutch painter and graphic artist.—399-401, 413
p Topinard, Paul (1830-1911)—French anthropologist.—308
p Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich (18181883)—Russian novelist.—39, 40, 42, 199, 261, 391, 451, 516, 556, 618, 649, 650, 651
_p Tylor, Edward Burnett (18321917)—British ethnographer, studied primitive culture.—69, 334
_p U
_p Ure, Andrew (1778-1857)—British economist.—71
46*
p Urfe, Honore d’ (1568-1625)—French writer.—367, 369
_p Uspensky, Gleb Ivanovlch (18431902)—Russian writer.—40-87, 90, 93, 104, 106, 112, 113, 123, 133-34, 142, 147, 410r 483, 633
_p V
p Van Dyck, Sir Anthony (15991641)—Flemish painter.—162
p Vanloo—family of French painter* of Flemish origin. Charles Andre Vanloo (1705-1765), Louis Michel Vanloo (1707-1771) and Charles Amedee Vanloo (17191795) represented academic painting in the middle of the18th century.—391
_p Vereshchagin, Vastly Vasilyevich (1842-1904)—Russian artist, painted battle-pieces.—398
_p Virgil (Vergil) (70-19 B. C.)—Roman poet.—232
_p Vierkandt, Alfred (b. 1867)—German ethnographer.—328
_p Vigny, Alfred de (1797-1863)—French romantic poet.—201,. 639
p Villemain, Abel-Francois (17901870)—French literary critic, historian.—163
p Vinje, Aasmund Olavson (18181870)—’Norwegian poet and journalist, linked up with Norwegian working-class movement.—443
_p Vischer, Friedrich Theodor (18071888)—German philosopher, Hegelian, author of the book Aesthetik, oder Wissenschaft des Schonen.—24i, 246
p Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German naturalist, vulgar materialist.—234, 239
p Voltaire, Francois Marie (Arouet) (1694-1778)—French writer and philosopher.—183, 187, 20506, 232, 372, 380, 487, 494, 513, 526, 527, 534, 541
724p Volynsky, Akim Lvovich (Flekser) (1863-1926)—literary critic, author of works on art, idealist and mystic, exponent of "art for art’s sake".—149-77, 21820
p Vorontsov, Vastly Pavlovich (18471918)—Russian economist and publicist, ideologist of liberal Narodism.—212
p Vovchok, Marko (real name Vilinskaja-Markovich, Maria Alexandrovna) (1833-1907)—Ukrainian writer.—626
_p Vyazemsky, Pyotr A ndreyevich (1792-1878)—Russian poet, critic and journalist.—200
_p W
p Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)—German composer.—680
Waitz, Theodor (1821-1864)—German anthropologist and philosopher.—321, 325, 330, 354,
356p Wallace, Alfred Russel (18231913)—English naturalist.—269
_p Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (1717-1768)—German historian of the antique art.—283
p Wouwerman, Philips (1619-1668)—Dutch painter.—162
_p Wundt, Wilhelm Max (1832-1920)—German idealist philosopher and psychologist.—312
_p X
p Xerxes (c. 519-465 B. C.)—King of Persia (486-65 B. C.)—586
p Yasinsky, Jeronim Jeronimovich (Maxim Belinsky) (1850-1931)—Russian writer.—42
p Yurkevich, PamfilDanilovich (18271874)—Russian idealist philosopher.—151-52, 159
p Yuzhakov, Sergei Nikolayevich (1849-1910)—Russian publicist, liberal Narodnik.—543
p Yuzhanin, Sergei—Russian painter of the end of the 19thbeginning of the 20th cent.—398
p Zagoskin, Mikhail Nikolayevich (1789-1852)—Russian novelist, author of Juri Miloslavsky.—181, 219
_p Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna (18491919)—Russian Narodnik, later Social-Democrat, participated in organising the first Russian Marxist group—Emancipation of Labour group (1883); Menshevik after the Second Congress of RSDLP (1903).—573, 589
_p Zepelin—431, 433, 443, 445, 458
p Zhukovsky, Vasily A ndreyevich (17831852)—Russian poet.—637
p Ziber, Nikolai Ivanovich (18441888)—Russian economist, one of the first popularisers and propagandists of Marx’s economic theory in Russia.—51, 296-97, 304, 331
_p Zlatovratsky, Nikolai Nikolayevich (1845-1911)—Russian Narodnik \vriter.-66, 75, 101, 104, 112, 133, 147
p Zoir, Emile (b. 1867)—Swedish painter.—416
Zola, Emile (1840-1902)—French writer, theoretician of naturalism in the French literature.—42, 656
Notes
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