Surplus Working Time, under capitalism, part of the working day during which a worker creates surplus value appropriated by the capitalist. The labour expended during that time is called surplus labour. In the quest for surplus value, the capitalists try to increase surplus working time. This is done in two ways: (1) by an absolute increase in the working hours over and above the necessary working time, and (2) by reducing the necessary working time, and correspondingly increasing the surplus working time. These methods express two ways of intensifying the workers’ exploitation and exacerbate the class struggle in capitalist society. Under socialism, surplus working time is the time during which a worker in socialist production creates the surplus product which is used to ensure a constant increase and improve socialist production, to form the insurance and reserve funds, and to meet the requirements of the working people in nonmaterial production; the labour expended during this period is surplus labour. Under socialism there is no exploitation of man by man, and all working time during the working day, both necessary and surplus, benefits the working people themselves. There is therefore no antagonism between necessary and surplus working time. At each stage of development, socialist society determines the amount of necessary and surplus working time in a planned way, taking into account the achieved level of the productive forces, the people’s material and cultural requirements, the domestic and international situation, and other objective factors.