Surplus Labour, labour expended by the worker in material production during surplus working time to create the surplus product. It is a result of increasing social labour productivity, which at a certain stage in the development of human society makes it possible to put out more products than are necessary for the existence of the worker and his family. In exploiter societies, it is used for enriching the exploiting classes. Under the slave-owning system, the slaves worked almost exclusively to satisfy the needs of the slave-owners. Under the feudal system, there is a strict division of the peasant’s labour into necessary labour, which he expended on his own farm, and surplus labour which he expended on the landlord’s farm and which was appropriated by the landlord. The division of labour into necessary and surplus under capitalism is outwardly disguised in the form of wages which appear as remuneration for the worker’s entire labour. In fact, however, the worker is only remunerated in the form of wages for that part of the value of a commodity which has been created by his necessary labour, while his surplus labour is appropriated by the capitalist without remuneration. Under modern capitalism, the amount of surplus labour considerably exceeds that of necessary labour. In the pursuit of profit, the capitalists do everything they can to increase the share of the surplus labour they appropriate, thereby curtailing necessary labour and lowering workers’ living 348 standards, which is expressed in the growing exploitation. "Surplus-labour in general, as labour performed over and above the given requirements, must always remain" (Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. Ill, p. 819). Surplus labour also exists under socialism. But here it is the labour expended to create material benefits used to satisfy the growing social requirements of all the people (continuous growth and improvement of production, insurance and reserve funds, and meeting requirements of workers in the non- productive sphere). This labour does not express relations of exploitation, since socialist society has abolished exploitation of man by man and employs all the labour that workers perform in production, both necessary and surplus, in the interests of the working people themselves. Under socialism there is therefore a dialectical connection between necessary and surplus labour: by ensuring the steady growth of socialist production surplus labour creates conditions for increasing the necessary product, and this in turn helps to restore more fully the workers’ vital powers and provides for their all-round development, which results in the further growth of surplus product and the development of production as a whole.