Non-production Sphere, the aggregate of the national economic branches including non-material production and nonmaterial services. The non-material character of the results of the labour of workers engaged in these activities is a general indicator uniting them into one sphere of human activity. Non-material ( intellectual) production is the production of ideas in scientific or artistic forms. To these belong the fundamental fields of science and art. Science decisively increases the productive potential of labour and expands man’s power over nature. Ideas created in artistic forms—art—also play an important role. Art (literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, music, the theatre, cinema, etc.), like science, is a tremendous cognitive and educational force and an important means for the all-round development of the individual. Non-material services (see Service Sphere) include education, public health, state and social management, etc. The character and scope of the non-production sphere are determined by the dominant relations of production. Under capitalism, it is characterised by hypertrophied development and often assumes a parasitic nature. Here the growth of the non-production sphere is mainly ensured by activities connected with the extraction of huge profits and preservation of the capitalist system (science connected with the militarisation of the economy, advertising, the financial apparatus, the military-police machine, etc.). The means channelled into financing such branches of the non-production sphere as public education and health are quite negligible. In socialist society, the non-production sphere unites only socially useful kinds of labour activity that develop in full correspondence with the basic economic law of socialism. Under developed socialism, the role of the nonproduction sphere grows. Its branches actively help boost the efficiency of the labour of workers engaged in the production sphere, create conditions for people to show their creative abilities to the full, and upgrade their qualifications, and general educational level, so that they directly help boost the efficiency of social production.