Machine Production under Capitalism, production based on the use of machines and exploitation of wage labour to enrich the bourgeoisie. Machine production appeared in the 1770s first in England and subsequently in other capitalist countries as a result of the industrial revolution. The revolution began with the invention of the working machine, which replaced many handicraft tools, and the creation of a threelink machine complex consisting of the working machine, the motor mechanism and the transmitting mechanism. This was followed by a simple cooperation of homogeneous machines. The material and technical base of capitalism was created and bourgeois system triumphed over the feudal one with the transition from the handicraft production to machine production of machines. Machines themselves are a forceful way of economising and easing labour, but under capitalism machines are used to extract surplus value. For the capitalist, the profitability of using machines is determined by the difference between their cost and the cost of the workforce they replace. In this connection the capitalist use of machines leads to the progressive development of productive forces on the one hand and on the other intensifies the exploitation of the working class, leads to the extensive employment of female and child labour, lengthens the workday and heightens labour intensification, and leads to the appearance and growth of the industrial reserve army. At the imperialist stage of capitalism, with the advent of the modern scientific and technological revolution, the monopoly bourgeoisie employ the latest technological advances in order to receive maximum profits. The most important feature of largescale machine production under capitalism is that because of the concentration and centralisation of capital and production, of the appearance of major industrial centres and the deepening of the social division of labour, labour becomes more highly socialised. This leads to the aggravation of the basic contradiction of capitalism, creating material and subjective prerequisites for the revolutionary transition to the new, socialist system, where machine production is used in the interests of all members of society.