Nationalisation, Socialist, the revolutionary expropriation from the exploiting classes of the means of production and their transformation into the property of all the working people in the person of the proletarian state. Socialist nationalisation eliminates the basts of exploitation of the working people. Means of production cease to be tools for appropriating the labour of 242 others. The transformation of the main means of production into the property of all the people means the consolidation of the socialist relations of production; it subordinates the development of production to the interests of society as a whole. Socialist nationalisation differs radically from the capitalist one (see Nationalisation, Capitalist). In replacing private capitalist ownership of the means of production with means of production belonging to the capitalist state, the latter is governed by the interests of the entire capitalist class, safeguards and strengthens the capitalist system. Socialist nationalisation may be implemented by complete and gratuitous confiscation of the property of the exploiting classes or by partial redemption of the means of production belonging to the exploiters. The choice of methods of socialist nationalisation depends on the balance of class forces at home and abroad and the resistance put up by the exploiting classes to the measures taken by the proletarian state. Following the triumph of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the bourgeoisie in Soviet Russia organised a fierce struggle against Soviet power; this took the form of counter-revolutionary revolts, conspiracies, and sabotage, which developed into .a civil war. The bourgeoisie gave active support to foreign military interventionists. The Soviet government had to nationalise by means of force and complete confiscation the main means of production and banks belonging to big capital. Between December 1917 and February 1918, a large number of industrial enterprises whose owners were engaged in sabotage and organised counter-revolutionary conspiracies, were nationalised in Soviet Russia, along with ones belonging to capitalists who had emigrated. On December 27, 1917, the Soviet government nationalised banks financing counter-revolution, sabotaging Soviet undertakings, and violating the control exercised over them by the working class. Foreign trade was nationalised on April 22, 1918, and on June 28, 1918, a decree was adopted nationalising large-scale enterprises in all industries. The Soviet authorities also confiscated the means of production belonging to landlords and effected the nationalisation of the land. Socialist nationalisation deprived counter-revolution of an economic basis for struggling against Soviet power. In other countries that have taken the socialist road the process of socialist nationalisation was longer. When the revolution was anti-imperialist, antifascist and anti-feudal in character, and the people’s democratic system performed the functions of a revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the working class and the peasantry, landed estates were confiscated by force, without compensation, and then the greater part of them was handed over to the peasants, while the remainder was nationalised by the state. Besides, enterprises and banks belonging to the bourgeoisie of fascist states, the property of capitalist traitors and collaborators with the fascists were also confiscated by the state. These measures were not only anti-fascist, but also anti-imperialist in character; they undermined the economic basis of monopoly capital and thus facilitated the bourgeois-democratic revolution’s development into a socialist one. At the stage when the populardemocratic power began to carry out its functions as a dictatorship of the proletariat, industry and the banks were also nationalised. In the people’s democracies, the proletarian revolution took place under new historical conditions: there existed the USSR, a country where socialism had triumphed; the international working-class movement and the union of the proletariat with the rest of the working masses had grown stronger, while the positions of capitalism throughout the world had become weaker. This made it possible to nationalise not only by uncompensated confiscation, but also by partial redemption of enterprises from the bourgeoisie. The nationalisation of the main means of production was the basic method for creating a socialist economic structure that, in later years, has exercised undivided rule as a result of transforming the smallscale private property of the peasants and craftsmen into cooperative socialist property. Alongside this, socialist nationalisation 243 is but the beginning of the socialist socialisation of production. After the socialist revolution, the proletariat has to fulfil the task of socialising production not in word, but in deed. This means that the revolution in property relations does not come down to a single act resulting in the basic means of production becoming the property of all the people. The working people have to become thrift}’ masters of production, accustomed to their new position with a vested interest in the success of their work collectives and of the entire country, and with a developed collective consciousness and behaviour. The activity of each enterprise has to be subordinated to that of society as a whole. Production has to be managed in a planned way, on the basis of joint social means of production. To socialise production in deed means to master the art of managing the national economy throughout the country, organise the accounting of production outlays, the distribution of manufactured goods, control over the use of resources, etc. Lenin emphasised the importance of teaching all the working people to manage affairs ofsociety and production. "Confiscation can be carried out by ‘determination’ alone, without the ability to calculate and distribute properly, whereas socialisation cannot be brought about without this ability" (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 27, p. 334). The socialist socialisation of production, which begins with nationalisation, ensures the creation and functioning of a fundamentally new type of socialised production, based on socialist ownership of the means of production and products of labour, the free labour of workers, and planned development of the economy in the interests of the working people.