Economic Efficiency of Introducing New Machines.  On the level of individual enterprises, this indicator is expressed in increased production activity, and on that of the entire economy—in a higher national income. It is characterised by the ratio of the result obtained from the use of new machines to their production costs. The nation-wide economic effect of introducing new machines characterises the advantage of their use for the overall economy or the degree of satisfaction of social requirements. Cost-accounting effect shows to what extent the cost-accounting activity of enterprises—the producers and consumers of new machines—improves in the quest for the maximum economic effect. In the . USSR, economic effect is calculated in accordance with the " Methodology (Main Principles) of Determining the Effect of the Use in the Economy of New Machines, Invention and Rationalisation”. Economic efficiency is determined on the basis of the magnitude of annual economic effect from realised initiatives. This magnitude includes the sum of all production resources (live labour, raw and other materials, and capital investment) which the economy receives as a result of manufacturing and using new machines. It is calculated per annual volume of production (work) by comparing the expenditures for the base and new machines. The latter are the sum of the production cost and rated profit of a socialist enterprise:
A7V7
where E—expenditure per a unit of product (work) , in roubles; PC—- production cost of a unit of product (work), in roubles; C—specific capital investment in the production assets, in roubles; R_er—rated efficiency ratio of capital investment. To ensure a single approach to the evaluation of the economic effect of new machines (account being taken of the fact that their manufacture requires additional resources in all industries), a single efficiency ratio of capital investment is used, equalling 0.15. When capital is invested over a number of years or when current expenditures and the results of production change considerably due to changes in the operational regime of new machines over the years of 104 maintenance, the time factor is accounted for when calculating the annual economic effect. This is done by tying up to one date (e. g. the beginning of the current year) the lump capital and current expenditures for the development and introduction of new machines and the results of their application. The general indicator of economic efficiency is the difference between the increase of profit (decrease of production cost) obtained due to the introduction of new machines, and the part of capital investments which has brought about this increase, the rated efficiency ratio remaining the same. The indicators of the economic effect of introducing new machines are accounted for in the economic plans of enterprises, associations, ministries, and the economy as a whole over the entire period in which new machines ensure the improvement of technical and economic indicators or the solution of social and other tasks of economic development.