Cooperation of Labour, a form of organising social labour, when a significant number of people join together in the same labour process, or in different but related processes. The form of organising collective labour in which all the workers manually perform uniform operations is called simple cooperation. The development of cooperation is based on the division of labour (see Social Division of Labour) and the extensive utilisation of machinery. Cooperation of labour is far more advantageous than small and fragmented economic ventures. It brings about new productive force of labour, which is the collective form of labour, and makes it possible to use working time and the means of production more effectively and sparingly. Cooperation of labour makes possible extensive construction and a large volume of operations in a relatively short time. Every social system has its own inherent social form of cooperation of labour which corresponds to the level of the development attained by the productive forces and relations of production. The primitive communal mode of production was characterised by simple cooperation of labour based on collective ownership of the means 67 of production. Under the slave-owning mode of production and the feudal mode of production, cooperative labour of exploited workers was forcibly imposed by open coercion, and the fruits of this labour were appropriated by the exploiter classes. Cooperation of labour under capitalism is based on the exploitation of wage workers, and is used to increase surplus value. Capitalist cooperation of labour has gone through three stages of development: from simple capitalist cooperation to the manufactory and then to the capitalist factory, which represents the most developed form of cooperation of wage labour in the period of domination of machine industry. A new and higher stage in the development of collective labour arrives with the triumph of socialism, from whence springs the socialist cooperation of labour, i. e., planned cooperation of workers free from exploitation. Cooperation of labour under socialism is not limited by the scale of the enterprises, but covers the economy as a whole, thus greatly enhancing the social productive force of labour. With the development of socialist society, cooperation becomes increasingly mature, cooperative labour becomes more advantageous, industrial and scientific and production associations are established (see Production Association), and specialisation of production develops, and intersectoral cooperation and agro-industrial integration become also widespread (see Integration, Agro-Industrial, under Socialism). Cooperation of labour under socialism is characterised by new labour discipline. The creative endeavours of those involved in the joint, cooperative labour find their expression in socialist emulation.