The titles and footnotes in square brackets have been inserted by those who prepared Plekhanov’s texts for the present five-volume edition. Square brackets in the text contain phrases and passages omitted in certain previous editions.
SOCIALISM AND THE POLITICAL STRUGGLE
p T\thinspacehis work, in which Plekhanov gave the first Marxist criticism in Russia of the ideology of the Narodniks, was called by Lenin the "first profession de foi Iprofession of faith] of Russian socialism”. (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 287.) It was the first work published by the Emancipation of Labour group.
p Plekhanov planned and wrote the pamphlet in the summer of 1883, when he broke with the Narodnaya Volya party.
p The work was originally intended for the first issue of the journal Vestnik Narodnoi Voli (Herald of Narodnaya Volya), but contemporary correspondence now kept in Plekhanov House, Leningrad, and letters published in Dyela i Dni (Matters and Days) No. 2, 1921, show that negotiations between Plekhanov and the editors of Vestnik were unsuccessful.
p Lavrov and Tikhomirov, the editors of Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, refused to publish this essay, which describes the Narodnaya Volya trend as "a most unprincipled trend”. (Cf. Tikhomirov’s letter of August 3, 1883, to Lavrov, "The Emancipation of Labour group”, Coll. I, 1924, p. 245.) The Emancipation of Labour group published this essay in October 1883 as a separate pamphlet, the first publication in the Library of Modern Socialism.
p Lavrov published a review of Socialism and the Political Struggle (Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 2, Section 2, 1884, pp. 64-67), expressing extreme disapproval of the polemic section. This review was set forth in detail in Plekhanov’s letter to Lavrov, given as a preface to the pamphlet Our Differences. (Cf. this volume, pp. 107-11.)
p Socialism and the Political Struggle was reprinted in 1905 in On Two Fronts, a collection of articles by Plekhanov, and in the same year in Volume I, the only one printed, of the Geneva edition of Plekhanov’s Works, in which new notes were given; in 1906 it was again printed as a separate pamphlet. It was translated into Polish and Bulgarian in the nineties.
p In this edition it is given according to a text which has been checked with the first edition and the collection On Two Fronts.
p 1 Zemlya i Volya (Land and Freedom)—a. journal of the revolutionary Narodniks, published in Petersburg from November 1878 to April 1879 745 by the Zemlya i Volya organisation. Five issues came out, the first four edited by S. Kravchinsky and N. Morozov, Plekhanov being a member of the editorial board of the fifth issue.
p 2 Chorny Peredel (General Redistribution)—a journal published from the beginning of 1880 to the end of 1881 by the revolutionary Narodnik organisation of the same name. Originally its editors were G. Plekhanov, P. Axelrod, Y. Stephanovich and L. Deutsch. Its printshop in Petersburg was seized when the first issue was being printed, but that issue and also the second were published abroad. The remaining issues (3-5) were put out in Minsk.
p p. 49
p 3 Zhelyabov—his biography was written by L. Tikhomirov and appeared anonymously in London in 1882 under the title Andrei Ivanovich Zhelyabov.
p p. 50
p 4 Epigraph taken from the Manifesto of the Communist Party.
p p. 51
p 5 An international socialist congress which took place at Chur, Switzerland, at the beginning of October 1881. The Russian guest was P. Axelrod.
p p. 52
p 6 Plekhanov here alludes to an article by L. Tikhomirov which appeared as an editorial in Narodnaya Volya, No. 7, December 23, 1881. It contained a sharp criticism of the speech made by P. Axelrod, the Russian guest at the Chur Congress.
p p. 52
p 7 The first volume of Capital was published in Hamburg in 1867.
p p. 55
p 8 F. Engels, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works in three volumes, Vol. 3, Moscow, 1973, p. 126. p. 55
p ^^9^^ Vperyod group—followers of P. L. Lavrov in the revolutionary Narodnik movement. They got their name from the journal and the newspaper Vperyod (Forward), published by Lavrov in Zurich and London from 1873 to 1877. Only five issues appeared. Lavrov corresponded with Marx and Engels, and he and his followers tried to establish contact with the European, particularly German Social-Democratic movement.
p p. 56
p 10 Bakuninists— followers of the anarchist Narodnik M. A. Bakunin. They regarded the peasants as born rebels and professed the adventurous tactics of immediate revolts, for which they were dubbed "the rebels".
p Bakunin was the leader of a secret anarchist organisation inside the First International (1864-1872). He waged a fierce struggle against Marx and was expelled from the International at the Hague Congress in 1872.
p p. 56
p 11 La Voix du peuple (The Voice of the People)—Proudhon’s paper which began publication in Paris in 1849.
p p. 56
p 12 Les confessions d’un revolutionnaire (Confessions of a Revolutionary)—a book by Proudhon setting forth his world outlook and printed in 1849. His petty-bourgeois anarchist views are more completely expounded in another book mentioned later by Plekhanov—Idee generate de la revolution au XIX siecle (General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century), which was published in 1851.
p p. 56
p 13 The System of Economic Contradictions was written by Proudhon. p. 57
p 14 K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1954, p. 587.
p p. 58
p 15 The polemic between Engels and P. N. Tkachov, one of the Narodnik ideologists, took place in 1874-1875. In 1874 Tkachov published in German his Offener Brief an Herrn Fr. Engels (Open Letter to Mr. Fr. Engels), Zurich, 1874. (Cf. P. N. Tkachov, Selected Works, Russ. 746 ed., Vol. 3, 1933, pp. 88-98.) In reply to this letter Engels wrote his article "Soziales aus Russland" in the newspaper Volksstaat, 1875, No. 36 and following. Republishing his reply in 1894, Engels provided it with a note in which he said that Tkachov’s letter carried, in its form and content, the "usual Bakuninist imprint”. (Der Volksstaat, Nos. 44, 45, 1875.) Engels ridiculed Tkachov’s conspiratorial illusions. "One cannot imagine an easier or more pleasant revolution,” he wrote. "A revolt has only to be started simultaneously in three or four places and the ’ revolutionary by instinct’, ’practical necessity’ and the ’instinct of self- preservation’ will do the rest ’of themselves’. One simply cannot understand how, if it is so easy, the revolution has not already been carried out, the people emancipated and Russia transformed into a mode^socialist country."
p 16 Nabat (The Tbcsznj—a Narodnik journal published under the editorship of Tkachov from the end of 1875 to 1881, first in Geneva and then in London. It raised the question of setting up a militant organisation of conspiratorial revolutionaries to seize power and socially reorganise Russia.
p p. 59
p 17 Blanquism "expects that mankind will be emancipated from wage slavery, not by the proletarian class struggle, but through a conspiracy hatched by a small minority of intellectuals.” (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 10, p. 392.)
p p. 59
p 18 F. Schiller, Wilhelm Tell.
p p. 60
p 19 See Note 9.
p p. 61
p 20 From 1879 to 1882 Plekhanov was a member of the Narodnik revolutionary organisation Chorny Peredel, which denied the necessity of terror as a means of political struggle, whereas Narodnaya Volya placed terror action in the foreground.
p p. 62
p 21 Zemlya i Volya split into two organisations—Narodnaya Volya and Chorny Peredel—at the Voronezh Congress in 1879.
p p. 62
p 22 The explosion in the Winter Palace was effected on February 5, 1880, by the famous revolutionary Stepan Khalturin, an active member of the Northern Union of Russian Workers, whom the Narodovoltsi drew into terrorist activity.
p p. 64
p 23 The first edition of the pamphlet had: "the period of free trade in the West."
p p. 64
p 24 This quotation is from the leading article in the first issue of Narodnaya Volya, October 1, 1879, in which we read: "Shall we take upon ourselves the initiative of a campaign against the Government and of a political revolution, or shall we go on ignoring political activity, wasting our energy beating about the people like a fish on the ice? "
p p. 65
p 25 Haym, Hegel und seine Zeit, Berlin, 1857.
p p. 66
p 26 K. Marx and F. Engels, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. Preface. Cf. Selected Works, Vol. I.Moscow, 1973, pp. 503-04.
p p. 67
p 27 "True socialism"—one of the trends of petty-bourgeois socialism which spread in Germany in the middle of the forties of the 19th century. Marx and Engels severely criticised the "true socialists" in The German Ideology, in Engels’ article "True Socialists" and in the Manifesto of the Communist Party. Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, pp. 130-32.
p p. 68
p 28 K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party. Cf. Selected 747 Works, Vol. 1,Moscow, 1973, p. 132.
p 29 A. I.Herzen, My Life and Thoughts.
p 30 This expression was used by Marx and Engels in their Preface to the Manifesto of the Communist Party, first Russian edition, dated January 21, 1882. Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 100.
p 31 Plekhanov’s translation of the Manifesto of the Communist Party was published in Geneva in 1882 by the publishers of the "Russian SocialRevolutionary Library”. This was the first correct translation of the Manifesto into Russian; before it there had been only Bakunin’s unsuccessful attempt, printed in 1869 at the Kolokol printing shop in Geneva.
p 32 K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party. Cf. Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 133.
p p. 70
p 33 Plekhanov here refers to a book by the Russian bourgeois economist I. Ivanyukov, Basic Propositions of the Theory of Political Economy from Adam Smith to the Present Day, Moscow, 1880, in which the author tried to prove among other things that Marx was opposed to a revolution in Russia.
p p. 70
p 34 The reference is to Proudhon’s book. See Note 12.
p p. 71
p 35 F. Engels, Anti-Duhring, Moscow, 1969, p. 32.
p p. 72
p 36 The Anti-Corn Law League headed by Richard Cobden fought in the thirties of the 19th century for the abolition of taxes on corn. It expressed the interests of capitalists who strove to lower wages and make labour cheaper.
p p. 74
p 37 Lujo Brentano—a. representative of the bourgeois apologetic school in political economy, professed "social peace" in capitalist society. He praised the English trade unions as the bulwark against revolutionary infatuations. In the book referred to in the text—Ueber das Verhaltniss von Arbeitslohn und Arbeitszeit zur Arbeitsleistung, Leipzig, 1876, he maintained that a rise in wages and a shortening of the working day would be profitable not to the workers only but also to the capitalists, since they would raise the productivity of labour.
p p. 75
p 38 The Democratic Federation (after 1884 the Social-Democratic Federation) was founded in England in 1881 and professed views combining badly assimilated Marxism with demands for bourgeois-democratic reforms.
p The Manifesto mentioned by Plekhanov was a pamphlet written for the Federation by its founder. (H. M. Hyndman, England for All, London, 1881. Cf. Lenin’s article "Hyndman on Marx”. V. I. Lenin, On Britain, Moscow, p. 135.)
p p. 75
p 39 The Northern Union of Russian Workers was formed out of workers’ study groups in Petersburg at the end of 1878. It had more than 200 members and existed until 1880. The Union’s programme said that in its tasks it was close to the Social-Democratic parties in the West and that its final aim was to carry out the socialist revolution and its immediate task—the political emancipation of the people and their winning of political rights.
p This programme gave rise to no little alarm among the Russian Narodniks. (Cf. G.V. Plekhanov, The Russian Worker in the Revolutionary 748 Movement, Works, Russ. ed., Vol. Ill, p. 184).
p 40 Zerno (Grain)—a. newspaper for workers, published illegally by the organisation Chorny Peredel, 1880-1881. Only six issues appeared: No. 1, October 25, 1880, in Geneva, Nos. 2-6 in Russia. The paper gave particular attention to the spreading of Narodnik ideas among the urban proletariat,
p p. 80
p 41 The members of the Northern Union of Russian Workers wrote a "Letter to the Editors" which was published in No. 5, April 8, 1879, of Zemlya i Volya, in reply to the Zemlya i Volya organisation, proving that their "demands would remain nothing more than demands" until they fought the autocracy. "We also know,” the Letter said, "that political freedom can guarantee us and our organisation against the tyranny of the authorities and give us the possibility to develop our outlook more correctly and achieve greater success in our propaganda."
p p. 80
p 42 K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party. Cf. Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 119.
p p. 80
p 43 Plekhanov borrowed this statement from the book Briefe und sozialpolitische Aufsdtze von Dr. Rodbertus Jagetzow, published by Rud. Meyer, Berlin, 1882.
p p. 81
p 44 Plekhanov here refers to the studies of the English bourgeois economist and historian Thorold Rogers, in particular to his book Six Centuries of Work and Wages, Oxford, 1884, and to the works of the French journalist and statesman, the Malthusianist Charles du Chatelet, author of Traite de la charite dans ses rapports avec I’etat moral et le bien-etre material des classes inferieures de la societe (Treatise on Charity in Its Relations with the Moral State and the Material Welfare of the Lower Classes of Society), 2nd ed., 1836.
p p. 81
p 45 Cf. G. Plekhanov, Mr. P. Struve in the Role of Critic of the Marxian Theory of Social Development. (Vol. II of this edition.)
p p. 81
p 46 K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party. Cf.Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, pp. 117-18.
p p. 83
p 47 Katheder Sozialisten—representatives of the liberal bourgeois trend which arose in the latter half of the 19th century and united a group of German bourgeois professors who, from their university chairs, taught reformist “theories” on the transformation of capitalism into socialism.
p p. 84
p 48 p. Engels, Marx’s Capital. Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 2, Moscow, 1973, pp. 151-52.
p p. 85
p 49 K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party. Cf. Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 117.
p p. 87
p 50 K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party. Cf. Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 136.
p p. 88
p 51 K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party. Cf. Selected Works, Vol. I.Moscow, 1973, pp. 131-32.
p p. 88
p 52 Narodnoye Dyelo (The People’s Cause)—a journal founded in Geneva by the Russian Narodnik revolutionaries. With the exception of the first issue, which was prepared by Bakunin, it was edited by N. I. Utin, former member of Zemlya i Volya and secretary of the Russian section of the First International. Narodnoye Dyelo actively collaborated with Marx and Engels in defending their line of tactics in the International a’nd exposing the Bakuninist anarchists. But in the main it adhered to 749 Narodnik standpoints, idealised the Russian village commune and failed to understand the historical necessity of the dictatorship of the proletariat.
p 53 Plekhanov here means his book The Development of the Monist View of History, which he wrote under the pen-name of Beltov. See this volume.
p p. 89
p 54 From The Little Humpbacked Horse by P. Yershov. Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1957, p. 70.
p p. 92
p 55 The editorial of No. 2 of Narodnaya Volya, November 15, 1879, says of the Constituent Assembly: "In this assembly 90 per cent of the deputies are from the peasants, and if we assume that our Party is sufficiently skilful in its work, from the Party. What decisions can such an assembly take? It is highly probable that it would give us a complete revolution in all our economic and state relationships...."
p p. 92
p 5 6 The question of the seizure of power by a revolutionary organisation is dealt with in the leading article of No. 8-9 of Narodnaya Volya, February 5, 1882.
p p. 92
p 57 The article "Preparatory Work of the Party”, which Plekhanov quotes here and later, was a programmatic article published on pp. 122-34 of the Kalendar Narodnoi Voli za 1883, Geneva.
p p. 92
p 58 The programme of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya was published in No. 3 of the paper Narodnaya Volya. The proposition quoted by Plekhanov is in Section C, para 2 (p. 6).
p p. 93
p 59 The Letter of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya to the Emperor Alexander HI was printed as a leaflet immediately after Alexander II was killed on March 10, 1881. A reprint was published in Kalendar Narodnoi Voli za 1883, pp. 9-14.
p p. 93
p 60 The Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya suggested that Alexander III should introduce the freedoms which they listed as "a temporary measure pending the decision of the national assembly".
p p. 94
p 61 Zemsky Sobor—a. central representative assembly is referred to. In 1873 Marx and Engels wrote the following on this subject: "At that time the demand was raised for the convention of a Zemsky Sobor. Some demanded it with a view to settling financial difficulties, others—so as to end the monarchy. Bakunin wanted it to demonstrate Russia’s unity and to consolidate the tsar’s power and might.” (L’alliance de la Democratic Socialiste et 1’association Internationale des travailleurs. Rapport et documents publies par ordre du congres international de La Haye, 1873, P. 113.)
p Many Russian revolutionaries equated the convocation of a Zemsky Sobor with the overthrow of the tsarist dynasty.
p The convocation of a Zemsky Sobor representing all citizens to draw up a constitution was one of the programmatic demands of the Russian Social-Democratic Party.
p p. 95
p 62 Raznochintsi (people of different ranks and titles)—a section of Russian society at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries. Educated people who came of merchants, small townspeople, clergy and the peasantry and not of the nobility. From them came a whole generation of revolutionaries, fighters against absolutism and serfdom. p. 95
p 63 All the quotations in this paragraph are from the leading article of No. 750 8-9 of Narodnaya Volya, February 5, 1882, p. 3.
p 64 The first edition has “estates”.
p 65 Seyan, prefect of the Praetorian Guards. Mistrusting those around him, Tiberius, Roman Emperor, made Seyan one of his trustees. Seyan gradually won exceptional influence at the court and in the state. Overcome by ambition he poisoned Drusus, Tiberius’ son, and organised a plot against Tiberius. The plot was disclosed and Seyan was put to death.
p p. 100
p 66 Rab’ochaya Gazeta (The Workers’ Gazette)—an illegal newspaper published from December 1880 to December 1881 by a group of workers who were members of Narodnaya Volya in Petersburg, under the editorship of A. I. Zhelyabov. In all three issues were published. Its publication ceased after the crash of the Narodnaya Volya organisation.
p p. 103
p 67 Rabotnik (The Worker)—an illegal newspaper of the Bakuninist trend published in Geneva, 1875-1876. In all fifteen issues were published. It was intended for the "Russian working people"—the factory workers and the peasants—and called on them to revolt.
p p. 103
p 68 K. Marx andF. Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party. Cf. Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 137.
p p. 104
p 69 Nedelya (Week)—a. weekly paper published in Petersburg from 1866 to 1901. After 1876 it went over to the hands of the liberal Narodniks and professed the theory of "minor matters”, i.e., called on the intelligentsia to give up the revolutionary struggle and to pursue "cultural work".
p p. 105
70 The "Announcement of the Publication of Vestnik Narodnoi Voli" was printed in No. 1 of that journal, issued in 1883. The first lines of the Announcement say. "Vestnik Narodnoi Voli intends to be the organ abroad of Russian socialism as expressed in the party of Narodnaya Volya, which is fighting for absolutely definite aims under absolutely definite conditions."
OUR DIFFERENCES
p The book Our Differences was written by Plekhanov in the summer of 1884 and published at the beginning of 1885 in the third volume of the Library of Modern Socialism. It was the second big theoretical work of the Emancipation of Labour group, following Socialism and the Political Struggle. The significance of this work was rated very high by Engels in his letter of April 23, 1885, to Vera Zasulich. (Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Correspondence, Moscow, 1965, pp. 383-85.)
p An interesting reaction to the publication of Our Differences was a letter of the Petersburg workers’ group called Blagoyevtsi (after Blagoyev), one of the first Social-Democratic groups in Russia, to the Emancipation of Labour group. The letter dates to 1884 or 1885 and is kept in the Plekhanov Archives. In it the workers wrote: "If this book does not induce people to adhere to the opinions of our group (though examples of this have already been observed), there can be no doubt that it provides a mass of material for the criticism of the Narodnaya Volya programme, and a recasting of that programme is positively necessary for the struggle. If possible, send us large numbers of this pamphlet...."
p Plekhanov himself attributed particular significance to this book as a most 751 important stage in the ideological fight against Narodism. Ten years after its publication he made two attempts to publish under the same title, as a second part of this book, his new works directed, this time, against liberal Narodniks, Mikhailovsky, Vorontsov and others. But as both these works were published legally, Plekhanov, in order not to reveal their author, was obliged to rive them other names, The Development of the Monist View of History and Justification of Narodism in the Works of Mr. Vorontsov (V V) Later fighting the Epigoni of Narodism, the Socialist-Revolutionaries,’ Plekhanov again proposed to give the same title to a book directed against them But this book was never completed and was published in the form of several articles in Iskra, in 1903 under the title "Proletariat and Peasantry" (Cf. Iskra Nos. 32-35 and 39.)
p Like other early works of Plekhanov published in the eighties and nineties, Our Differences was not republished until 1905 and became a bibliographical rarity. In 1905 it was republished in Vol. I (the only one published) of the Geneva edition of his Works.
p The text published in the present edition has been checked with the first edition and with the first volume of the Geneva edition of Plekhanov’s Works.
p 71 This article by Lavrov was published in the bibliography section of Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 2, Section 2, pp. 64-67, April 1884. It contains an analysis of two new pamphlets published by the Library of Modern Socialism: Socialism and the Political Struggle by Plekhanov. and Socialism: Utopian and Scientific by Engels. The article is signed P. L.
p p. 107
p 72 From Nekrasov’s poem "The honest, bravely fallen are silenced”. (N. A. Nekrasov, Selected Works, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1945, p. 328.)
p 73 Nonconformists—a Protestant sect in England which did not conform to the dominant Church of England and was therefore subject to persecution,
p p. 112
p 74 in the seventies, Plekhanov belonged to one of the groups of revolutionary Narodism, the Bakuninist “rebels”. See Note 10.
p p. 113
p 75 The reference is to the article "Bankruptcy of Bourgeois Science" by Tarasov (N. Rusanov) in Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 1, pp. 59-97.
p p. 114
p 76 Plekhanov is referring to Tarasov’s article "Political and Economic Factors in the Life of Peoples”, the beginning of which was published in Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 2, Section 1, 1884, pp. 1-36. In this article Tarasov bases himself on Diihring to affirm that the political factor plays the primary role in historical evolution.
p p. 117
p 77 Character in Voltaire’s tale Histoire de Genni ou I’athee et le sage. Oeuvres completes, Vol. XXI, Paris, 1879, p. 529.
p p. 117
p 78 Words from Griboyedov’s Wit Works Woe.
p p. 117
p 79 The "Announcement of the Publication of the Library of Modern Socialism" by the Emancipation of Labour group was published in Geneva, signed by editors P. Axelrod and G. Plekhanov, and dated September 2-5, 1883. It was printed in October of the same year as a supplement to the first edition of the pamphlet Socialism and the Political Struggle and in 1905 it was included in the first volume of the Geneva edition of Plekhanov’s Works, pp. 139-40. In this last edition the footnote written by Deutsch was omitted. It was given under the title "For the Reader’s Information" 752 on an unnumbered page (the third). In the Works, Vol. II (post- revolutionary edition) the announcement is on pp. 21-23.
p 80 L. Tikhomirov’s article "What Can We Expect from the Revolution? " was printed in Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 2, Section 1, 1884, pp. 227-62.
p 81 On the substance of “Tkachovism” see Introduction, Section 6 "P. N. Tkachov" (pp. 156-61 of this volume) and Note 15.
p p. 119
p 82 V. V.-V. P. Vorontsov.
p j 19
p 83 On March 1, 1881, by decision of Narodnaya Volya, Alexander II was assassinated in Petersburg by I. I. Grinevitsky. The organisers of this act of terror, A.I. Zhelyabov, N. I. Kibalchich, S. L. Perovskaya, T. M. Mikhailov and N. I. Rysakov, were executed. Many members of Narodnaya Volya were imprisoned and exiled. A period of fierce reaction set in.
p p. 119
p 84 Nechayev’s organisation Narodnaya Rasprava (The People’s Vengeance) (1869) was based on the principles of Jesuitism, intimidation, and terrorism professed by Nechayev and his inspirer Bakunin. To quote Bakunin, Nechayev’s task was "not to teach the people, but to revolt”. Marx and Engels resolutely opposed the ideas and activity of the Nechayev organisation and described their plans for reorganising society as "barracks communism".
p p. 120
p 85 Quotation from P. Lavrov’s review "Outside Russia”. (Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 2, Section 2, 1884, p. 3.)
p p. 121
p 86 The reference here is to the first programme of the Emancipation of Labour group, put out in 1884. It was accompanied by notes pointing out that it was not final but admitted of corrections and additions, provided they did not contradict the basic ideas of scientific socialism. (See this volume, p. 359.)
p p. 121
p 87 Famusov—a character in Griboyedov’s comedy Wit Works Woe, a domineering obscurantist and hypocrite,
p p. 121
p 88 Paraphrase of Dante’s words, "Go your way and let people say what they will”, with which Marx ends the Preface to the first edition of the first volume of Capital.
p 89 Quotations from the first part of Plekhanov’s article "The Law of Economic Development of Society and Socialism’s Tasks in Russia”, in which the author still adhered to Narodnik positions, and which was published in Zemlya i Volya, Nos. 3 and 4. (G. V. Plekhanov, Works, Russ. ed., 1923-1927, Vol. I, pp. 62-66.)
p p. 126
p 90 Margarete’s reply to Faust’s pantheist speech: "With words a little different.” (Cf. Goethe, Faust.)
p 91 Khlestakov—a character in Gogol’s comedy Inspector-General—a liar and boaster.
p p. 128
p 92 Quotation from Marx’s Preface to the first edition of the first volume of Capital. (Cf. K.Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 2, Moscow, 1969, pp. 88-89.)
p p. 129
p ^^93^^ A. I. Herzen’s three letters to the English politician Linton were published in 1854 in English and then in 1858 they were translated into Russian under the title "The Old World and Russia”. They were included in the complete collection of Herzen’s works and letters under the editorship of M. K. Lemke, Vol. VIII, St. Petersburg, 1919. Plekhanov here 753 quotes from the third letter, dedicated to Russia. (Cf. Vol VIII pp. 45-46.)
p 94 N. G. Chernyshevsky’s article "Criticism of Philosophical Prejudices Against Communal Land Tenure" was published in Sovremennik, No. 12, 1858. (Chernyshevsky, Collected Works in 15 volumes, Vol. V, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1950, pp. 357-92.)
p p. 131
p 95 G. V. Plekhanov, Works, Russ. ed. (1923-1927), Vol. V, pp. 21-22.
p p. 133
p 96 All the quotations made above are from Chernyshevsky’s article " Studien”, devoted to an analysis of Haxthausen’s Studien iiber die Inneren Zustim.de, das Volksleben und insbesondere die Idndlichen Einrichtungen Russlands. The article was published in Sovremennik, No. 7, 1857. (Cf. N. G. Chernyshevsky, Collected Works, Vol. IV, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1948, pp. 303-48.)
p p. 134
p 97 Describing Vera Pavlovna’s fourth dream in his novel What Is To Be Done? Chernyshevsky gives a Utopian picture of socialist society. (Cf. N. G. Chernyshevsky, Collected Works, Vol. XI, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1939, pp. 269-84.)
p p. 134
p 98 K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 134.
p p. 136
p 99 From Goethe’s Faust.
p 100 F. Engels, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.
p p. 138
p 101 From Heine’s "Germany. A Winter Tale".
p p. 138
p 102 From Chernyshevsky’s article on Haxthausen. (See Note 96.)
p p. 139
p 103 Chernyshevsky’s article "The Struggle of the Parties in France under Louis XVIII and Charles X" was published in Sovremennik, Nos. 8 and 9, 1858. (N. G. Chernyshevsky, Collected Works, Vol. V, Russ. ed., 1950, pp. 213-91.)
p p. 140
p 104 N. G. Chernyshevsky, Collected Works, Vol. V, Russ. ed., 1950, pp. 216-17.
p p. 141
p 105 Quotation from the Inaugural Address of the International Working Men’s Association (First International), written by Marx in 1864. Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 2, Moscow, 1973, p. 17.
p p. 141
p 106 Plekhanov refers to the Manifesto of the Communist Party as published in 1882. (Cf. K.Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 118.)
p p. 142
p 107 Quotation from the pamphlet Ingenious Mechanism by V. Y. Varzar, Narodnik and follower of Lavrov, published in the early seventies when peaceful propagandists used to go "among the people".
p p. 145
p 108 The article "The Russian People and Socialism" was a letter from Herzen to the French historian J. Michelet, written in 1851. (Cf. A. I. Herzen, Selected Philosophical Works, Moscow, 1956, p. 470.)
p p. 151
p 109 The editor of Rus was the Slavophile I. S. Aksakov, and the editor of Moskovskiye Vedomosti was the reactionary M. N. Katkov.
p p. 151
p 110 Quotation from L. Tikhomirov’s article "What Can We Expect from the Revolution? "
p P- 152
p 111 Herzen in his letter to J. Michelet mentioned on p. 151.
p 48—755
754p 112 Quotation from G. R. Derzhavin’s (1743-1816) poem.
p p. 152
p 113 This is the title of a series of tales written by G. I. Uspensky.
p p. 152
p 114 In the ancient Persian religion Ormuzd was the supreme god, the principle of good, and Ahriman was the principle of evil and calamities, j r <,
p 115 The Chinese side of the question is to be understood as hardened, invariable, secluded life, as though fenced off published by the journal Nabat, London, 1879. (Cf. P. N. Tkachov, the Chinese wall.)
p p. 153
p 116 P. N. Tkachov, Tasks of Revolutionary Propaganda in Russia, Letter to the editor of Vperyod! 1874. (Cf. P. N. Tkachov, Selected Works, Russ. ed., Vol. 3, pp. 55-87.)
p p. 157
p 117 P. N. Tkachov, Open Letter to Mr. Fr. Engels, author of the articles "Emigrant Literature" in Nos. 117 and 118 of Volksstaat, 1874. (Cf. P. N. Tkachov, Selected Works, Russ. ed., Vol. 3,1933, pp. 88-98.) p.158
p 118 Anarchy of Thought—a collection of critical essays by P. N. Tkachov published by the journal Nabat, London, 1879. (Cf. P. N. Tkachov, Selected Works, Russ. ed., Vol. 3, pp. 303-37.)
p p. 161
p ^^119^^ Russian Social-Revolutionary Youth-a. polemical pamphlet written by P. L. Lavrov against Tkachov’s Tasks of Revolutionary Propaganda in Russia. It was published in London in 1874 and signed: Editor of the journal Vperyod! (Cf. P. L. Lavrov, Selected Works on Social and Political Subjects in 8 volumes, Russ. ed., 1934, Vol. 3, pp. 335-72.) p. 161
p 120 Editorial articles under the general title "Revolutionary Propaganda" were printed in a number of issues of Nabat, 1877-1878.
p p. 161
p 121 Quotations from P. N. Tkachov’s What Is To Be Done Now? (Selected Works, Russ. ed., Vol. 3, pp. 442, 446.)
p p. 162
p 122 Quotation from Engels’ article "Position of England”. (A review of Thomas Carlyle’s Past and Present. Marx/Engels, Werke, Ed. I, S. 525-50.)
p p. 165
p 123 Thinking realists—an expression used in the works of D. I. Pisarev. The revolutionary Narodniks sometimes gave themselves this name. p. 165
p 124 Quotation from P. Lavrov’s review of Socialism and the Political Struggle. (Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 2, Section 2, 1884, p. 65.)
p p. 168
p 125 Quotation from Engels’ Emigrant Literature, Section 2, "The Programme of the Blanquist Emigres of the Commune”. The article was printed in Volksstaat in 1874.
p p. 168
p 126 Plekhanov’s quotation from Lermontov’s poem "Journalist, Reader and Writer" is not quite accurate.
p p. 170
p 127 The journal Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbiicher was edited by Marx and Arnold Ruge in Paris in 1844. Only one issue, a double one, appeared. Plekhanov here refers to Marx’s article "Criticism of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law”, published in that issue.
p p. 17 1
p 128 K. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, Moscow, p. 197.
p p. 171
p 129 Plekhanov here refers to Tarasov’s article "Bankruptcy of Bourgeois Science”, devoted to the analysis of Ivanyukov’s book Basic Propositions of the Theory of Political Economy from -Adam Smith to the Present Day. (See Note 33.)
p p. 172
p 130 p. L. Lavrov. (See Note 119.)
p p. 173
p 131 Hegel, Vorlesungen uber die Philosophic der Geschichte, Berlin,1848, S. 536.
755p 132 Words of the poet in Pushkin’s poem "The Hero”. The original says: "Self-glorifying lies are dearer to us than many a bitter truth."- D 174
p 133 The author of "A Letter to Former Comrades" was O. V. Aptekman. The letter gave a historical and theoretical substantiation of the programme and work of the Chorny Peredel group.
p p. 174
p 134 This leading article was written by Plekhanov.
p p. 175
p 135 Independents—a political party during the English Revolution of the 17th century, expressing the interests of the middle bourgeoisie and the bourgeoisified nobles. By their demands of religious freedom and independence they drew the petty bourgeoisie and the peasantry in their wake for a time.
p p. 176
p 136 All quotations from Tikhomirov in this and the following chapters are taken from his article "What Can We Expect from the Revolution? "
p 137 Words from Griboyedov’s comedy Wit Works Woe.
p p. 178
p 138 From Krylov’s fable "The Crow and the Fox”. p. 178
p 139 This formulation is the one given by Lassalle in his famous pamphlet Programme of Workers.
p 140 See this volume, p. 101 et seq.
p p. 180
p 141 In the article "Preparatory Work of the Party.” (Kalendar Narodnoi Voli za 1883, pp. 122-34.)
p ^^142^^ See Note 66.
p 143 In one of his unpublished notes kept in Plekhanov House, Leningrad, Plekhanov quotes significant pronouncements of French public figures on the eve of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71.
p “Marshal Leboeuf: ’We are ready, more than ready; if the war lasts even as much as a year we shall not be short of anything, not even buttons for the soldiers’ gaiters!’
p “The President of the Senate: ’Sire, thanks to your solicitude, France is prepared.’
p “The War Minister: "There is no Prussian army; I deny it.’"
p p. 182
p 144 Pangloss—Candide’s tutor in Voltaire’s tale Candide. Pangloss followed Leibniz’s proposition "All is for the best in this, the best of worlds".
p p. 186
p 145 According to tradition the Roman patrician Lucretia (6th cent. B. C.), raped by the Emperor’s son Sextus, committed suicide, and this, it is said, provided a pretext for the revolt which ended in the banning of the Roman emperors and the establishment of an aristocratic republic.
p p. 186 146Quotation from Heine’s poem “Fragen”.
p p. 188
p 147 K. Marx and F. Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party. Cf. Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, pp. 111-13.
p p. 190
p 148 Cf. Letter of January 6, 1873, in Briefe und sozial-politische Aufsatze von Dr. Rodbertus-Jagetzow, edited by Rud. Meyer, Berlin, 1882, Bd. I, S. 291.
p p. 190
p 149 K. Marx and F. Engels, On -Britain, Moscow, 1962, pp. 36-38.
p p. 191
p 150 N. G. Chernyshevsky, Collected Works.VoL VII, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1950, p. 223.
p p. 192
756p 151 V. V. (Vorontsov)’s book The Destinies of Capitalism in Russia was published in 1882.
p p. 193
p 152 Quotation from Goethe’s Faust.
p 153 Quotation from K. Marx’s The Poverty of Philosophy, Moscow, p. 197.
p p. 194
p 154 "The iron law of wages"—a dogma of bourgeois political economy based on Malthus’ reactionary population theory. It was Lassalle who described it as “iron”. Marx expounded this law as follows: "According to them, wages rise in consequence of accumulation of capital. The higher wages stimulate the working population to more rapid multiplication, and this goes on until the labour-market becomes too full, and therefore capital, relatively to the supply of labour, becomes insufficient. Wages fall, and now we have the reverse of the medal.” (K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1958, p. 637.) Proceeding from the doctrine that wages find in the growth of the population “natural”, “inherent” limits, bourgeois economists maintained that the poverty and unemployment of the working classes were the fault not of the capitalist mode of production, but of nature. Both in Capital and his Critique of the Gotha Programme Marx proved that "the iron law”, as opposed to the Lassallean theory of wages, is completely unfounded.
p p. 195
p 155 Quotation from Tikhomirov’s article "What Can We Expect from the Revolution? " (Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 2, 1884, p. 240.)
p p. 197
p 156 The first edition has “Western”.
p p. 198
p 157 K. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, Moscow, p. 45.
p p. 200
p 158 ibid., pp: 75-76.
p p. 200
p 159 The Peace of Nymwegen was concluded between France and the Netherlands in 1678.
p p. 202
p 160 The Peace of Versailles was signed on September 3, 1783, between the U.S.A. and its allies, Erance, Spain and Holland, on the one side, and England on the other.
p p. 202
p 161 Quotation from Friedrich List, Das nationale System der politischen Oekonomie, 2-te Aufl., Stuttgart und Tubingen, 1842, Bd. 1, Kap.9, S. 154.
p p. 204
p 162 Ibid., S. 155.
p p. 204
p 163 Communist League—the first organisation of the revolutionary proletariat, founded by Marx and Engels in the summer of 1847 in London. Marx and Engels were charged by this organisation to write the Manifesto of the Communist Party which was published in February 1848. The defeat of the revolution in Germany 1848-1849 led in 1850 to a split between Marx and Engels’ supporters and the Willich-Schapper group within the Communist League. At the end of 1852, on Marx’s initiative, the League was officially dissolved. The Communist League was one of the predecessors of German Social-Democracy and the First International.
p ’
p p.207
p 164 This and the following quotations are from Marx’s article "Revelations about the Cologne Communist Trial".
p p. 207
p 165 Plekhanov here refers to the proclamation of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volyu "To the Ukrainian People”, dated August 30, 1881, in connection with the anti-Jewish pogroms. The editorial board of the 757 paper Narodnaya Volya expressed its solidarity with that proclamation in "Home Review”. (Narodnaya Volya, No. 6, October 23, 1881.) p. 209
p 166 Walka Klas (The Class Struggle)-organ of the International Social- Revolutionary Party published in Geneva in the Polish language.
p p. 2 10
p 167 K. Marx, Enthullungen uber den Kommunisten-Prozefi zu Koln (Marx/ Engels, Werke, Bd. 8, Berlin, 1969, S. 413).
p p. 210
p 168 Physiocrats—a group of French bourgeois economists in the second half of the 18th century (Quesnay, Turgot and others) who considered agricultural labour as the only productive work and supported the development of industrial agriculture.
p p. 213
p 169 Manchester School—a group of English economists (Cobden, Bright and others) who in the first half of the 19th century expressed the interests of industrial bourgeoisie of the premonopolistic epoch, aspirations of that bourgeoisie for free trade, and its protest against any state interference in economic life. These economists fiercely fought against corn taxes, on the one hand, and against restricting the length of the working day by legislation, on the other. They considered free competition to be the main motive force of production. Marx showed that Manchesterian demagogy covered up the desire to achieve freedom of capitalist enterprise and to intensify the exploitation of the working class.
p p. 214
p 170 Polyakov—a Russian capitalist—used to bribe the ministers to obtain concessions in railway building.
p p. 215
p 171 Vestnik Yevropy (European Messenger)—a monthly magazine devoted to politics and history, bourgeois liberal in trend, that appeared in St. Petersburg from 1866 to 1918. From the nineties it fought Marxism.
p p.217
p 172 Vorontsov borrowed this table from V. I. Veshnyakov’s article "Russian Industry and Its Needs”. Vestnik Yevropy, No. 10, 1870.
p p. 217
p 173 Weaving hall (Russian svetyolka)—here it is a special light, roomy loghouse used for work.
p p. 220
p 174 The reference to the All-Russia Arts and Industry Exhibition held in Moscow in 1882.
p p. 224
p 175 Manilov—a character from Gogol’s Dead Souls—a vain and fruitless dreamer.
p p. 234
p 176 K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1958, pp. 748-49.
p p. 236
p 177 K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1958, p. 470.
p p. 236
p 178 John, Chap. 13. Words of Jesus to Judas when the latter hesitated to .give his treacherous signal to the Roman soldiers.
p p. 237
p 179 in the article " ’Novelties in Economic Literature’ (bibliography). V. V. Destinies of Capitalism in Russia, Petersburg, 1882.” (Yuridichesky Vestnik IThe LegalHeraldl,.January 1883, pp. 89-110.)
p p. 237
p 180 Quotation from Plekhanov’s Note 8 to the pamphlet What Do the Social-Democrats Want?
p p. 242
p 181 The reference is to M. Tugan-Baranovsky’s book: Industrial Crises. Essays on the Social History of England, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg,1900. There was an edition in 1923.
p p. 242
182 Plekhanov’s statements about Lenin referring to the year 1905 are absolutely untrue. Here one can plainly see the Menshevik Plekhanov’s tendency to injure Bolshevism by representing Lenin’s defence and sub-
758 stantiation of the Marxist theory of markets as a repetition of the theories of the vulgar economist J.-B. Say. It was precisely in his work Note on the Theory of Markets that Lenin criticised Smith’s and Say’s market theory.p p. 242
p 183 Razuvayev—a character in several tales by Saltykov-Shchedrin. (See Note 268.)
p p. 243
p 184 Cf. Correspondence of Marx and Engels with Russian Political Figures, Gospolitizdat Publishing House, 1951, pp. 340-42.
p p. 245
p 185 Inaccurate quotation from Nekrasov’s poem "Father Frost, Red Nose".
p p. 246
p 186 K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1958, p. 358.
p p. 246
p 187 State peasants—peasants who lived on the land belonging to the state to which they were obliged to pay feudal rent in addition to the state tax. Money dues of these peasants were extremely burdensome. However, their conditions were somewhat better than those of the landlords’ serfs. The law gave them more rights in the use of the land, recognised them as free peasants (selskiye obyvateli) and allowed them to change their place of residence.
p Appanage peasants—a category of peasants who were the personal serfs of the tsar and his family and lived on special plots provided for the maintenance of the tsarist court.
p The conditions of these peasants hardly differed from those of the landlords’ peasants.
p Temporarily-bound peasants—former serfs released from personal dependence on the landlords. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the peasants received not the ownership but the use of land allotments, for which they were obliged to perform labour services and pay money to the landlords until they had paid the redemption fees, i.e., they were "temporarily bound”. (See also Note 195.)
p p- 253
p 188 By popular economy as such Plekhanov understands peasant communal economy.
p p. 256
p 189 The Invincible Armada—a Spanish fleet sent by Philip II of Spain against England in 1588. It was defeated by the English and Dutch fleets and destroyed by storms.
p p. 258
p 190 The Cat and the Cook—from Krylov’s fables. Here he represents the autocracy.
p p. 258
p 191 At the end of the second volume of his poem Dead Souls, Gogol gave a symbolical figure of Russia in the form of a troika rushing forward while "other peoples and states give way to it".
p p. 259
p 192 Sazhen—an old Russian measure of length = 2.25 yds.
p p. 262
p 193 Mera—an old Russian measure of weight = 144 Ibs.
p p. 263
p 194 This is apparently a mistake. On page 40 of Prugavin’s book, from where the quotation is taken, the following volosts of Yuryev Uyezd-are mentioned: Spasskoye, Esiplevo, Davydovo, Petrovskoye, Gorkino and Simskaya.
p p. 265
p 195 Redemption—a step taken by the tsarist government after the abolition of serfdom. The Reform of 1861 provided that the temporarily-bound peasants were to redeem their allotments. On concluding the redemption deal, the temporarily-bound peasants became property owners and were freed from former obligatory services to their landlords.
p p. 269
p 196 Gostomysl—first prince or posadnik of Novgorod according to some of 759 the later chronicles.
p 197 F. Engels, Anti-Duhring, Moscow, 1969, Introduction, p. 31.
p 198 F, Engels, Anti-Duhring, Moscow, 1969, p. 31.
p p. 277
p l99"Devoted without flattery"—motto on the crest of Arakcheyev, bestowed on him by Paul I. Thanks to Pushkin’s epigram it became a symbol of servility towards influential personages.
p p. 281
p 200 Credo, quia absurdum—a saying attributed to the Christian writer Tertullian (3rd cent. A. D.).
p p. 283
p 201 Quotation from P. L. Lavrov’s review of Plekhanov’s Socialism and the Political Struggle, published in Vestnik Norodnoi Voli, No. 2, Section 2, 1884, pp. 64-67.
p p. 283
p 202 Plekhanov here means Vera Ivanovna Zasulich.
p p. 283
p 203 K. T.—K. Tarasov. Plekhanov refers to his review of E. Laverdays’book, Les assemblies parlantes. Critique du gouvernement representatif, Paris, 1883. Cf. Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 2, Section 2, 1884, pp. 67-85.
p p. 286
p 204 Akaky Akakiyevich—a minor official in Gogol’s tale The Coat. p. 291
p ^^205^^ Reference to an article by I. Luchitsky, "The Land Commune in the Pyrenees”. Otechestvenniye Zapiski, No. 9, 1883, pp. 57-78.
p p. 292
p 206 The edict,which was issued by the Emperor Peter III on February 18, 1762, freed the gentry from compulsory military or state service, p. 293
p 207 From Krylov’s fable "The Tomtit”. The tomtit attained fame but did not set the sea on fire.
p p. 303
p 208 The words italicised here are not so in the pamphlet Socialism and the Political Struggle.
p p. 306
p 209 The expression "fear the Greeks"—"timeo danaos et dona ferentes" “(I fear the Greeks even when they bring gifts”)—is connected with the legend of the Trojan Laocoon who tried to convince his fellow citizens not to bring into the city the wooden horse left by the Greeks. His fears came true—the soldiers hidden in the horse helped to capture Troy. p. 306
p 210 The Battle of Sadowa, in July 1866, ended the Austro-Prussian War and determined Prussia’s leading role in the unification of Germany. p. 308
p 211 The "repentant nobleman" is an expression introduced into literature by N. K. Mikhailovsky and characterising the type of man who regards himself as owing a debt he cannot pay to his people for the sins of his fathers and the horrors of serfdom.
p p. 308
p 212 From Goethe’s Faust.
p p. 312
p 213 See M. Kovalevsky’s book Communal Land Tenure, the Causes, Course and Consequences of Its Disintegration, Moscow, 1879.
p p. 318
p ^^214^^ F. Engels, Anti-Duhring, Moscow, 1969, p. 31.
p p. 324
p 215 From Goethe’s Faust.
p 216 Arthur Arnoult, L’ etat et la revolution, Geneva and Brussels, Rabotnik, 1877.
p p. 324
p 217 The reference is to K. Marx’s Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, published in Berlin in 1859.
p p. 328
p 218 F. Engels, The Peasant War in Germany, Moscow, 1956, pp. 138-39.
p p. 335
p 219 K. Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Cf. K. Marx and 760 F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 398.
p 220 In his article "What Can We Expect from the Revolution?" Tikhomirov opposes the views of the members of Narodnaya Volya to those of the Emancipation of Labour group, which, he maintains, had no other way out than to promote the development of Russian capitalism and to fight for a liberal constitution. According to his assertion, Narodnaya Volya fought for a constitution to hand over power to the people, not "to give the bourgeoisie a new instrument for organising and disciplining the working class by depriving them of land, by fines and manhandling.” (Cf. Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 2, 1884, p. 237.)
p p. 337
p 221 A tale by A. Ertel, a liberal writer who in his writings represented merchants and businessmen as the organisers of the economy and vehicles of progress, was published in Vestnik Yevropy, Nos. 6-8, 1883.
p p. 337
p 222 Otechestvenniye Zapiski (Fatherland Notes)—a. literary political magazine published in Petersburg from 1820. In 1839 it became the best progressive publication of its day. Among its contributors were V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, T. N. Granovsky, and N.P. Ogaryov. In 1868 the magazine came under the direction of M. Y. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. A. Nekrasov and G. Z. Yeliseyev. This marked the onset of a period in which the magazine flourished anew, gathering around itself the revolutionarydemocratic intellectuals of Russia. The Otechestvenniye Zapiski was continually harassed by the censors, and in April 1884 was closed down by the tsarist government.
p P- 337
p 223 Words of Repetilov in Griboyedov’s Wit Works Woe.
p p. 338
p 224 A reference to the unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Alexander II made by A. I. Brzozowski, a Polish revolutionary, in Paris on June 6, 1867.
p p. 338
p 225 From Nekrasov’s poem "The Forsaken Village".
p p. 338
p 226 Here Plekhanov probably refers to the passage in Tikhomirov’s article where he draws a parallel between the conservative, who sees the salvation of Russia in a strong gentry, and the Social-Democrat, who sees it in the working class.
p p. 340
p 227 Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 2, 1884, p. 236.
p p. 343
p 228 Plekhanov’s comparison bears on the conduct of the Narodnaya Volya member Goldenberg after his arrest. He broke the rules of conspiracy and was caught by the secret police. Realising that he had involuntarily betrayed the cause, he committed suicide in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Zhelyabov is contrasted with Goldenberg as the type of strong-willed underground conspirator.
p p. 345
p 229 Plekhanov here quotes the programmatic article in Kalendar Narodnoi Voli za 1883—"Preparatory Work of the Party”. The section of this article on the urban workers begins with the words: "The working population of the towns, which is of particularly great significance for the revolution both by its position and its great development, must be the object of the Party’s serious attention.” (p. 130.)
p p. 345
p 230 The explosion in the Winter Palace, carried out by Stepan Khalturin, and the sapping of the Malaya Sadovaya were stages in the plans for the assassination of Alexander II, worked out by the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya and ending in the terrorist act of March 1, 1881—the assassination of Alexander II.
p p. 346
761p 231 On the Northern Union of Russian Workers see Notes 39 and 41. p. 346
p 232 The end of the seventies was marked by a wave of strikes embracing a number of branches of industry, chiefly the textile industry, in which the exploitation of the workers was most intense. During the three years from 1878 to 1880 there were over a hundred strikes. These were of a purely economic character, the workers still believed in the tsar and even addressed a “petition” to Alexander III, who succeeded to the throne. Some Narodnaya Volya members, in particular Plekhanov, took an active part in the organisation of these strikes. (See Plekhanov’s correspondence and the article "The Russian Workers in the Revolutionary Movement".)
p 233 K. Marx, General Rules of the International Working Men’s Association. Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 2, Moscow, 1973, p. 19.
p 234 Tikhomirov’s contribution—signed L. T.—"G. Plekhanov—Our Differences, Geneva, 1885.” (Vestnik Narodnoi Voli, No. 5, Section 2, 1886, p. 40, Notes on New Books.)
p p. 358
p 235 Plekhanov wrote the article "Inevitable Change" in connection with Tikhomirov’s foreword to the second edition of his book La Russie politique et sociale. The article "A New Champion of Autocracy, or Mr. L. Tikhomirov’s Grief" was a reply to Tikhomirov’s pamphlet Why I Ceased to Be a Revolutionary, on which Plekhanov also wrote a short review. The article "A New Champion of Autocracy" is included in this volume.
PROGRAMME OF THE SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC EMANCIPATION OF LABOUR GROUP
p The writing of this first draft programme apparently coincided with the organisation of the Emancipation of Labour group in the autumn of 1883. This is borne out by correspondence of its members. (Cf. The Emancipation of Labour Group, Coll. I, p. 187.) and by the mention of the programme in L. Deutsch’s letter to his comrades in Russia. (Cf. The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. I, p. 225.)
p The programme was published later, in 1884, in Geneva, as a separate pamphlet. In 1905 it was included in the first volume of Plekhanov’s Works, published in Geneva.
p The present edition conforms to the text of the second volume of Plekhanov’s Works (1923-1927),checked with the last edition during the author’s lifetime in 1905.
p 236 Regarding the point of direct popular legislation, which was also included in the second draft, Lenin wrote in 1899 in his article "A Draft Programme of Our Party" that this point should not be introduced into the programme, since the "victory of socialism must not be connected, in principle, with the substitution of direct people’s legislation for parliamentarism”. (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 238.)
p p. 360
p 237 Here, as in the later formulations of the draft on the subject of the "socialist intelligentsia”, one can feel the Narodnik past of the authors of the programme.
p p. 361
p 238 In 1907, in his work The Agrarian Programme of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution, 1905-1907, Lenin said of this and similar 762 formulations: "The error of that programme is not that its principles or partial demands were wrong. No. Its principles are correct.... The error of that programme is its abstract character, the absence of any concrete view of the subject.... Of course, it would be absurd to put the blame for this mistake on the authors of the programme, who for the first time laid down certain principles long before the formation of a workers’ party. On the contrary, it should be particularly emphasised that in that programme the inevitability of a ’radical revision* of the Peasant Reform was recognised twenty years before the Russian Revolution.” (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 13, p. 256.)
p 239 The point about production associations, which was again included in the second draft, reflected the influence of Lassalleanism. There was an analogous point in the Gotha Programme-the programme of German Social-Democracy adopted in May 1875. (Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 2, Moscow, 1973, pp. 24-25.)
p Lenin spoke of the need to omit this point from the Programme of the R.S.D.L.P., being of the opinion, however, that its inclusion in the programme was natural in the period of the Emancipation of Labour group. (Cf. V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 241.)
p p. 363
p 240 The erroneous point of the First Draft of the programme dealing with the necessity of individual terror is an echo of and a concession to Narodnaya Volya. In the Second Draft there is no longer any question of individual terror, but of the transition, at a convenient time, to "general and resolute attacks" on the Government, terror no longer being considered necessary under all circumstances as a means of struggle. (Cf. "Second Draft Programme”, p. 366 of this volume.) p. 363
p 241 Calling on the intelligentsia to work among the industrial proletariat, the authors of the Draft admitted the possibility of "an independent revolutionary movement" of the peasantry. This admission is omitted from the Second Draft. Neither the First nor the Second Draft underlines with sufficient clarity the revolutionary role of the peasantry in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, or the thought that the proletariat could be victorious over tsarism only in alliance with the peasantry.
SECOND DRAFT PROGRAMME OF THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS
p The Second Draft Programme of the Emancipation of Labour group was written in 1887. It was highly appraised by Lenin. (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 4, pp. 231-32.)
p The Second Draft was first published in Geneva in 1888 under the title "Draft Programme of the Russian Social-Democrats”, as an appendix to the pamphlet What Do the Social-Democrats Want? It was published a second time ten years later as an appendix to Axelrod’s pamphlet On the Question of the Contemporary Tasks and Tactics of the Russian Social-Democrats which appeared in Geneva in 1898. Its next publication was in the Social- Democratic Calendar for 1902, published by the Struggle group in Geneva. In 1903 the Draft was published by G. A. Kuklin as a separate pamphlet with the "Announcement on the Resumption of the Publications of the Emancipation of Labour Group”. This was its last edition during the author’s lifetime.
p In the present volume the Draft is printed according to the text of the second volume of Plekhanov’s Works (1923-1927) checked with the first, 763 second and the last impressions during the author’s lifetime.
p 242 See Note 236.
p 243 All these "statements on the causes of ’instability’, etc., of the intelligentsia" ought, in Lenin’s opinion, to have been omitted from the section on the principles in the programme. (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 237.)
p p. 366
p 244 in connection with this point Lenin wrote in 1899: "We believe that the programme of a working-class party is no place for indications of the means of activity that were necessary in the programme of a group of revolutionaries abroad—" And further: "In order to leave nothing unsaid, we will make the reservation that, in our personal opinion, terror is not advisable as a means of struggle at the present moment, that the Party (as a party) must renounce it (until there occurs a change of circumstances that might lead to a change of tactics)....” (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 236.)
p p. 366
p 245 The first two editions read: "basing itself on these ... rights, the workers’ party will put forward...,” The change was introduced in the last edition during the author’s lifetime, in 1903, and it is probable that the text in the Works was printed according to that edition.
p 246 Lenin wrote in connection with this point: "It seems to me that the basic idea here expressed is perfectly correct and that the Social-Democratic working-class party should, in point of fact, include a relevant demand in its programme.” (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 241.) However, he considered that this demand was not precise enough for the end of the nineties. Plekhanov himself also admitted this in his Commentary on the Draft Programme of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, explaining the formulation of the draft by “diplomatic” considerations.
p 247 For changes and additions to this point see V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 4, pp. 240-41.
p p. 367
p 248 See Note 239.
249 Concerning this note Lenin wrote in 1899: "...When the traditions of revolutionary Narodism were still alive, such a declaration was sufficient; but today we must ourselves begin to discuss the ’basic principles of work’ among the peasantry if we want the Social-Democratic workingclass party to become a vanguard fighter for democracy.” (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 4, p. 247.)
A NEW CHAMPION OF AUTOCRACY, OR Mr. L. TIKHOMIROV’S GRIEF
(Reply to the Pamphlet: Why I Ceased to be a Revolutionary)
p The occasion for the pamphlet A New Champion of Autocracy, or Mr. L. Tikhomirov’s Grief was Mr. Tikhomirov’s pamphlet Why I Ceased to Be a Revolutionary, which was published in Russian in Paris in 1888 and caused a great sensation.
p Lev Tikhomirov, a former member of Zemlya i Volya, member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya, betrayed the revolutionary struggle and calumniated the Russian revolutionaries. After the publication of this shameful booklet he filed an appeal for pardon in 1888 and in 1889 he 764 returned to Russia from emigration. Soon he became one of the most devoted champions and ideologists of the autocracy and a contributor to, and later the editor of the reactionary newspaper Moskovskiye Vedomosti.
p In August 1888, as soon as Tikhomirov’s booklet was published, Plekhanov wrote a review of it, saying, among other things, with great foresight: "There is the man to trust with editing Moskovskiye Vedomosti\ Mr. Tikhomirov’s creative mind would be a real find for our reactionary press."
p A New Champion of Autocracy was first published in Geneva in 1889 in the Library of Modern Socialism (ninth volume). A second edition was put out legally in 1906 in Petersburg as an appendix to the journal Sokol. This was a reprint of the first edition and it bore very noticeable traces of censorship: particularly sharp points, especially in the characterisation of the Russian autocrats, were considerably toned down.
p In the present edition the work is printed according to the text of the third volume of Plekhanov’s Works (1923-1927), checked with the first Geneva edition of 1889.
p 250 See Belinsky’s well-known letter to N. V. Gogol. (V. G. Belinsky, Selected Philosophical Works, Moscow, 1956, p. 536.)
p p. 370
p 251 Russky Vestnik (Russian Messenger)—a monthly journal which became the mouthpiece of aristocratic reaction and the Russian autocracy after the sixties.
p p. 370
p 252 Molchalin—a character from Griboyedov’s comedy Wit Works Woe, the type of the careerist, toady and time-server.
p p. 375
p 253 Quotation from Heine’s Zum Lazarus. "La6 die hen"gen Parabolen. Lafi die frommen Hypothesen....” Plekhanov gives the lines in a translation distorted by the censor. The correct translation by M. Mikhailov was first published in the journal Byloye (Past), No. 2, 1906, p. 279. It runs:
p “Or is not everything on earth accessible to God’s will?" (H. Heine.)
p 254 Hya Muromets—a hero of Russian legends in the 12-16th centuries, one of the principal defenders of Ancient Rus. Tradition has it that before his famous exploits he was deprived of the use of his legs.
p p. 378
p 255 The Programme of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya was published in the paper Narodnaya Volya, No. 3, January 1, 1880, pp. 5-7.
p p. 379
p 256 In connection with the sharpening of the contradictions inside the Zemlya i Volya organisation on the methods of struggle, a congress of the members was convened in Voronezh in June 1879. Preparing for it, the supporters of the terrorist struggle assembled at a separate congress in Lipetsk. The Voronezh Congress adopted a half-hearted decision demanding "special development" of the terrorist struggle against the Government, as well as continuation of the work among the people.
p Plekhanov here refers to his own position at the Voronezh Congress, when he came forward as a determined opponent of terror. Getting no support, he left the Congress, but set forth in writing his reasons for leaving the Zemlya i Volya organisation. In this connection see his article "Unsuccessful History of the Narodnaya Volya Party".
p p. 380
p 257 Plekhanov’s reference is to a book by De Custine published in Paris in 1843 under the title La Russie en 1839. De Custine gave his impressions of a journey through Russia and severely condemned the autocracy. The reactionary journalist N. I. Grech, with the approval of the tsar and the 3rd Department, published a pamphlet in French and German, 765 attempting to refute what De Custine wrote. (On this see Herzen’s Diary. Collected Works, in 30 volumes, Russ. ed., Vol. II, 1954, pp. 311-12 and 340.)
p p. 385
p 258 Moskovskiye Vedomosti (Moscow Recorder)—a daily which began to appear in 1756. From the sixties of the 19th century it was taken over by Katkov and expressed the views of the most reactionary and monarchist elements.
p p. 386
p 259 Kostanjoglo and Murazov—characters in the second volume of Gogol’s Dead Souls.
p p. 388
p 260 Plekhanov here alludes to the following historical events: As a result of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, the Treaty of San Stefano recognised the independence of Rumania, which was formed in 1859 by the union of the principalities of Moldova and Walakhia. Soon, in 1883, Rumania allied with Austria-Hungary against Russia. By the Treaty of San Stefano Bulgaria and Serbia also received their independence. But the policy of the tsarist government, which was subordinate to the interests of reaction in Europe, led to a considerable drop in the prestige of Russian tsarism in those countries. At the same time, the peoples of Rumania, Serbia and Bulgaria were full of sympathy for the Russian people, who had helped them to free themselves from Turkish domination,
p p. 390
p 261 Kit Kitych—distorted name of Tit Titych Bruskov, a merchant in A. N. Ostrovsky’s comedy Shouldering Another’s Troubles. He came to symbolise the petty tyrant.
p p. 390
p 262 A. K. Tolstoy, History of the Russian State from Gostomysl to Timashev. (Cf. Collection of Poetry, published by Sovietsky Pisatel Publishing House, 1937, p. 364.)
p p. 391
p 263 Leibkampantsi— grenadiers of the Guards Company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, with whose help a palace revolution was effected in 1 741 and the Empress Elizabeth Petrovna was placed on the throne.
p 264 Alexander III, intimidated by the increasing terror activities of Narodnaya Volya, and fearing a revolutionary outbreak, remained in his palace at Gatchina for two years in the early eighties after the assassination of Alexander II, voluntarily confining himself and his family to isolation. His contemporaries called him the Gatchina prisoner. In the Preface to the Russian edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party (1882) Marx and Engels called him a "prisoner of war of the revolution”, p. 393
p 265 From the poem Mtsyri by Lermontov.
p p. 394
p 266 George Kennan, an American traveller, went to Siberia in 1884-1886 by arrangement with Century Magazine in which he undertook to publish his observations. Since Kennan had publicly condemned the terrorists in 1882, the Russian authorities willingly allowed him to enter Russia and visit prisons and forced labour camps, in the hope that owing to his negative attitude to the Russian revolutionaries he would help to attract world opinion to the side of the Russian Government. But Kennan disappointed them. On his return from Siberia he published a number of books describing Russian prisons and the living conditions of the Russian revolutionary exiles. His books produced a powerful impression and caused his readers to censure the tsarist regime. His books were prohibited in Russia until 1905-1906.
766p 267 At the trial of the revolutionary Narodniks known as the "trial of the 193" (1877-1878) the State Prosecutor Zhelekhovsky made a speech which acquired ill repute for its dishonesty and lack of conviction and his obvious calumny of the accused. During the trial one of the accused wrote a poem parodying this speech. In 1883, it was published by Narodnaya Volya members in a hectographed booklet entitled Speech for the Prosecution by State Prosecutor Zhelekhovsky at the Trial of the 193, 1877-1878. (Krasny Arkhiv, 1929, Vol. 3 (34), pp. 228-30.) p. 398
p 268 Kolupayevs and Razuvayevs— characters in several tales by SaltykovShchedrin (e.g. the Poshekhonye Tales}. Their names came to symbolise merchants, kulaks and other representatives of the rural bourgeoisie noted for their conservatism, vulgarity and tendency to brutal exploitation,
p p- 400
p 269 He will get it (yon dostanet)—words of the merchant Razuvayev in Saltykov-Shchedrin’s Refuge of Mon Repos. Asked where he would get his profits from if the people become "utterly impoverished”, he answered: yon dosta-a-net (he will get it).
p p. 400
270 What Now?—Lassalle’s second speech "On the Essence of the Constitution" delivered before the parliamentary elections in Prussia in 1862.
SPEECH AT THE INTERNATIONAL WORKERS’ SOCIALIST CONGRESS IN PARIS
(July 14-21, 1889)
p The International Workers’ Socialist Congress in Paris was the first congress of the Second International. It took place from July 14 to 21, 1889.
p At that time the Emancipation of Labour group did not have firm contacts in Russia and obtained no mandate for the Congress. Yet it understood that its participation in the work of the Congress would be of great significance not only to the Russian revolutionary movement but also to international Social-Democracy.
p The group settled the question of its participation in the Congress in the affirmative. “(Emancipation of Labour group”, Coll. Ill, pp. 238-39.)
p Plekhanov attended the Congress and made a speech ending with the famous words on the victory of the revolutionary movement in Russia as a working-class movement.
p In a conversation with Voden Engels said that "he and many other comrades liked the speech of Plekhanov at the Paris Congress.” (Cf. Reminiscences of Marx and Engels, Moscow. 1957, p. 329.)
p There are two Russian translations of Plekhanov’s speech: one was published in the Geneva Sozial-Demokrat, No. 1, 1890, Section 2, pp. 28-29, the other, after his death, in the journal Letopisi Mark siz ma (Anna Is of Marxism), 1926, No. l,pp. 78-79.
p The Works of Plekhanov include the first version in Vol. IV, pp. 53-54, and the second in Vol. XXIV, pp. 319-20. Both versions differ considerably and are entitled to publication, the first as having been made during Plekhanov’s life and certainly having passed through his hands, the second as having been made from the French original found in the archives of Guesde, among other documents of the Congress.
For the present edition the texts have been checked with the first Russian impressions in Sozial-Demokrat and Letopisi Marksizma.
767FOR THE SIXTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF HEGEL’S DEATH
p Plekhanov wrote this article in German for the journal Die Neue Zeit. It was published in Nos. 7, 8 and 9 in November 1891 under the title "Zu Hegel’s sechzigstem Todestag”. Immediately after the publication of the article in Die Neue Zeit Engels appraised it very highly. In a letter dated December 3, 1891 he wrote to Kautsky: "Plekhanov’s articles are excellent.” “(Zu Hegel’s sechzigstem Todestag”, Die Neue Zeit, Nr. 7, 1891.)
p Hearing of this appraisal Plekhanov wrote to Engels: "I have been told that you wrote a few benevolent words about me to Kautsky on my article about Hegel. If that is true, I desire no other praise. All that I should like is to be your pupil not quite unworthy of such teachers as Marx and you.” G. V. Plekhanov to Engels, March 25, 1893. (Cf. Correspondence of Marx and Engels with Russian Political Figures, Russ. ed., 1951, p. 325.)
p In 1892 Plekhanov’s article was translated into Bulgarian and published in the second issue of the Bulgarian symposium Social-Democrat. This time, too, Engels commented on its publication. "It has given me great pleasure,” he wrote to the editors of the symposium on June 9, 1893, "to see Plekhanov’s works translated into Bulgarian.” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Correspondence, Moscow. 1965, p. 458.)
p In 1894 Plekhanov’s article was published in the French journal L’ere nouvelle (New Era) in Nos. 10 and 11. It was not published in Russian till 1906 when it appeared in Plekhanov’s collection Criticism of Our Critics, St. Petersburg, 1906, pp. 203-28.
p In preparing the present edition the text of the Works, Vol. VII, pp. 29-55 (1923-1927) has been taken as a basis, checked with the first Russian edition prepared by Plekhanov. The German edition has also been used for precision. In the Russian translation Plekhanov left out some passages which were in Die Neue Zeit, and added some new sentences.
p 271 K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I. Afterword to the second German edition and Marx’s Letter to Kugelmann, June 27, 1870. (Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Correspondence, Moscow, 1965, p. 240.)
p p. 407
p 272 Die Neue Zeit (New Times)—a theoretical journal of German Social- Democracy. It carried a number of works and letters by Marx and Engels. But even during Engels’ lifetime the editorial board headed by Kautsky did not pursue a consistently Marxist line but included in the journal articles which distorted Marxism. Later they even falsified the literary legacy of Marx and Engels.
p p. 408
p 273 Brahma—one of the highest gods in the Hindu religious teaching. According to Hinduism the first source of all that exists is the impersonal and unqualified substance of God, the universal spirit.
p p. 417
p 274 The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B. C.) was between the slave-holding democracy of Athens and the slave-holding oligarchy of Sparta— citystates in Ancient Greece. There was a bitter struggle between the political groupings inside the cities which took part in it, especially in Athens towards the end of the war.
p p. 418
p 275 Hegel, Vorlesungen iiber die Philosophic der Geschichte, Berlin, 1848, S. 323.
p p. 418
p 276 The Reformation—social, political and ideological struggle in various countries of Europe in the 16th century, against the Catholic Church and feudalism. By undermining the clerical and political foundations of feudalism the Reformation prepared the early bourgeois revolutions.
768p 277 Protestantism—a variety of Christianity (Lutheranism, Calvinism, etc.) which appeared in Germany and a number of other European countries as a result of the Reformation.
p p. 419
p 278 A vivid example of the arguments of Montesquieu referred to by Plekhanov is Chapter Two, "How Different People Are in Different Climates”, of the fourteenth book of his work De I’esprit des lots. ( Montesquieu, Oeuvres completes, t. I, Paris, p. 305.)
p p. 420
p 279 Hegel, Geographische Grundlage der Weltgeschichte, S.109.
p p. 421
p 280 Plekhanov wrote a special article "On Mechnikov’s Book”. (Works, Vol. VII, pp. 15-28.)
p p. 421
p 281 Attica— in antiquity, a region in the south-east of Central Greece with a very peculiar relief. In 594 B.C. Solon carried out in Athens, the capital of Attica, social and political refor-ms which played a progressive historical role.
p p. 421
282 K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1958. Afterword to the second German edition, p. 19.
FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION
(FROM THE TRANSLATOR)
AND PLEKHANOV’S NOTES TO ENGELS’ BOOK
LUDWIG FEUERBACH AND THE END
OF CLASSICAL GERMAN PHILOSOPHY
p Engels’ Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy was first published in 1886 in Nos 4 and 5 of Die Neue Zeit. In 1888 Engels made minor changes while editing it and published it in the form of a small book with a foreword and Karl Marx’s Theses on Feuerbach as an appendix. The first Russian translation of Engels’ Ludwig Feuerbach by Plekhanov was published in 1892 in Geneva by the Emancipation of Labour group in the series Library of Modern Socialism.
p Plekhanov prefaced his translation with a short foreword "Prom the Translator" and wrote notes to it. In 1905 the second edition of Plekhanov’s translation of Ludwig Feuerbach was published by the Library of Scientific Socialism in Geneva and the translator wrote a long foreword to it introducing changes and additions in the notes.
p Both versions of the notes are given in the present edition. The additions and changes made by Plekhanov in 1905 are given in square brackets. When the text of the first edition is replaced by a different one in the 1905 text, the 1892 version is given separately. Plekhanov’s foreword to the 1905 edition will be given in the third volume of Selected Philosophical Works.
p Plekhanov’s notes are given according to the text of his Works (1923-1927) checked with the Geneva editions of 1892 and 1905 and with the manuscripts, which are preserved in Plekhanov House.
p 283 Questions of Philosophy and Psychology—a reactionary journal published in Moscow from 1889 to 1918, the rallying centre for representatives of various idealist schools and trends which succeeded one another over a number of years, first Neo-Kantians and then Machists, Vekhovtsi, etc.
p p. 433
p 284 Plekhanov calls the materialist trend of the sixties negational for its revolutionary negation of the Russian reality of the day and for its fight against serfdom and autocracy.
769p 285 Plekhanov here refers to Y. Kolubovsky’s bibliographical appendix to Uberweg-Heinze’s History of Modern Philosophy, St. Petersburg, 1890. In the third section of the appendix "Philosophy with the Russians"— the following short lines are devoted to the philosophy of the sixties: "The stormy sixties were marked by the appearance of materialism. Chernyshevsky, Antonovich and Pisarev were the supporters of this teaching, whose force lay not so much in their thoroughness as in the significance they then had. Yurkevich had no difficulty in coping with this trend as far as its philosophical principles were concerned, but on the other hand it was more difficult for him to counteract the influence of these writers."(P. 529)
p p. 433
p 286 K. Marx and F. Engels’ Die heilige Familie (The Holy Family) appeared in 1845. One can see from V. D. Perazich’s letter to Plekhanov how difficult it was to get this book in the nineties. Replying to Plekhanov’s request to obtain the book for him on loan, Perazich wrote from Vienna on December 19, 1892: “Concerning the heil[ige] Fam[ilie], yesterday I was to be told the results of the negotiations with Dr. Adler, the only possessor of the book in spheres to which I have access.... I shall try to have it copied and I can send you the manuscript.” (The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. I, pp. 265-66.)
p p. 433
p 287 The section "Critical Battle Against French Materialism" from a chapter in The Holy Family was pulished in Die Neue Zeit, No. 9, 1885, pp. 385-95 under the title "Der franzosische Materialismus des XVIII Jahrhunderts”. Plekhanov translated this extract and had it printed as an appendix to the booklet Ludwig Feuerbach. But prior to that, in 1885, he partially expounded it for the newspaper Nedelya(The Week), before the latter became the organ of the Liberal Narodniks. This article was not published, possibly because of a change in the trend of Nedelya. It was published posthumously in The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. I, pp. 164-68.
p p. 433
p 288 The Russian translation of this book was not published until 1906 and then not entirely: K. Marx and F. Engels, The Holy Family, or Critique of Critical Criticism. Against Bruno Bauer and Co. Selected Passages, 1. On Contemplative Philosophy. On the Occasion of Proudhon, New Voice, St. Petersburg, 1906.
p p. 434
p 289 F. A. Lange, Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart, 1866.
p p. 434
p 290 C.N. Starcke, Ludwig Feuerbach, Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1885.
p p. 434
p 291 Plekhanov’s note follows Engels’ words: "...this man was indeed none other than Heinrich Heine.” (Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 3, Moscow, 1973, p. 337. All further references to Engels’ Ludwig Feuerbach will be according to that same edition.)
p p. 435
p 292 Heine’s splendid work, On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany.
p p. 435
p 293 Heinrich Heine, Sdmtliche Werke, herausgegeben von Ernst Elster, B. 6, Leipzig und Wien, S. 535.
p p. 435
p 294 Note 2 concerns pages 360-66 of Engels’ work. It follows the words: "The Prussians of that day had the government that they deserved.” (p. 338.)
p p. 436
p 295 Essays: "The Anniversary of Borodino by V. Zhukovsky”, and "Menzel, Critic of Goethe”. Cf. V.G. Belinsky, Collected Works, Russ. ed., Vol.
p 1/4 49-755
770p III, 1953, pp. 240-50, 385-419. p. 436
p 296 The essay “Young Moscow” in the fourth section of the Memoirs of A. I. Herzen, My Life and Thoughts. (Cf. A. I. Herzen, Selected Philosophical Works, Vol. II, 1948, Gospolitizdat Publishing House, pp. 183-85.)
p 297 Belinsky’s Letter to V. P. Botkin, March 1, 1841. (Cf. V. G. Belinsky. Selected Letters in 2 volumes, Vol. 2, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1955, pp. 141-42.) Plekhanov is doubtless mistaken when he speaks of a lowering of the level of Belinsky’s "theoretical demands" from the beginning of the forties, i.e., after his refusal to be "reconciled with reality".
p p. 439
p 298 Belinsky’s Letter to P. V. Annenkov, February 15 (27), 1848, Ibid., p. 389.
p p. 439
p 299 The article "For the Sixtieth Anniversary of Hegel’s Death”. See this volume.
p “V. G. Belinsky (Speech made in spring 1898 on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of Belinsky’s death at Russian meetings in Geneva, Zurich and Bern)."
p p. 440
p 300 Note 3 follows Engels’ words: "...used the meagre cloak of philosophy only to deceive the censorship.” (P. 343).
p p. 440
p 301 The only issue of Deutsch-Franzbsische Jahrbiicher, a double one, appeared in February 1844. The works of Marx referred to by Plekhanov are: "On the Jewish Question”, "Introduction to the Criticism of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law”; of Engels: "Sketch of a Criticism of National Economy".
p Besides, Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbiicher carried Engels’ review of Thomas Carlyle’s book Past and Present entitled The Position of England,
p p- 440
p 302 Rheinische Zeitung fur Politik, Handel und Gewerbe (Rhenish Gazette for Politics, Trade and Industry) appeared daily in Cologne from January
p 1, 1842, till March 31, 1843. Founded by radical representatives of the Rhenish bourgeoisie in opposition to the Prussian Government and with the support of certain Left Hegelians, it became revolutionary democratic under Marx’s editorship. (Cf. V. I. Lenin, "Karl Marx”, Collected Works, Vol. 21, p. 47.)
p ’
p p. 440
p 303 In his article "Karl Marx" Lenin points out that the period of his work with the Rhenish Gazette was marked by Marx’s transition from idealism to materialism and from revolutionary democratism to communism.
p p. 440
p 304 Here the Rhenish Gazette is also meant. The name Cologne Gazette may be misleading, for in Cologne there appeared at the same time the reactionary Cologne Gazette (Kolnische Zeitung) under the editorship of Hermes, a secret agent of the Prussian Government.
p p. 441
p 305 Articles by Marx in the Rhenish Gazette. (K. Marx and F. Engels, Gesamtausgabe, Erste Abt., Bd. I, Erster Halbband, Frank’furt, 1927, S. 179-397.)
p p. 441
p 306 The New Rhenish Gazette (Neue Rheinische Zeitung) was published from June 1, 1848 to May 19, 1849. In his article "Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung" Engels wrote in 1884 that Marx’s editorship "made the New Rhenish Gazette the most famous German newspaper of the years of revolution”. "No German newspaper, before or since, has ever 771 had the same power and influence or been able to electrify the proletarian masses as effectively as the Neue Rheinische Zeitung." (K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 3, Moscow, 1973, pp. 167, 172.)
p Lenin called the New Rhenish Gazette "the finest and unsurpassed organ of the revolutionary proletariat”. (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works Vol. 21, p. 81.)
p p. 441
p 307 Note 4 follows Engels’ words: "’substance’ or ’sell-consciousness”’, p. 343.)
p p 44!
p 308 The full title of Bauer’s book was: The Good Cause of Freedom and My Own Cause (Die gute Sache der Freiheit und meine eigene Angelegen heit).
p p 447
p 309 The Holy Family, or Critique of Critical Criticism. Against Bruno Bauer and Co., Moscow, 1956.
p p. 449
p 310 Mikhailovsky came out against Spencer’s theory on progress in a number of works: "What is Progress? ”, "What is Happiness? ”, "Notes by a Profane”. (N. K. Mikhailovsky, Collected Works, Vols. I, III, St. Petersburg, 1906, 1909.) These works illustrated the disagreement between two trends in bourgeois positivist sociology.
p p. 450
p 311 Note 5 comes after Engels’ words: "are only the fantastic reflection of our own essence”. (P. 344.)
p p. 450
p 312 See Note 285.
p p. 450
p 313 in his exposition Plekhanov uses mainly Chapter Two, "The General Essence of Religion".
p p. 450
p 314 The inquiry undertaken by the socialist journal Mouvement socialiste which appeared in Paris from January 1899 under the editorship of Lagardel was called forth by the bitter struggle which the French Republican Government waged against the Catholic Church at the beginning of the century and which ended in the separation of the Church from the State in 1905.
p Answers received from the socialists in different countries were published in four issues of the journal in 1902—Nos. 107-110, November 1 and 15, December 1 and 15.
p p. 452
p 315 F. Engels, The Position of England.
p p. 452
p 316 K. Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law. Introduction.
p p. 452
p 317 Plekhanov meant Berdyayev, Bulgakov and other "Legal Marxists" who, at the end of the nineties, “criticised” Marx from Kantian positions and later, after the 1905 Revolution, went over to the God-seekers and religious mysticism.
p p. 452
p 318 Note 6 comes after Engels’ words: "typified by Herr Karl Grim”, (p. 344.)
p p. 452
p 319 F. Mehring, Geschichte der deutschen Sozialdemokratie.
p p. 453
p 320 The critical analysis of Karl Griin’s book takes up a chapter of The German Ideology.
p p. 453
p 321 Das Westphdlische Dampfboot (Westphalian Steamboat)—a. monthly paper issued by the "true socialist" D. Liining in Bielefeld and later in Paderborn from January 1845 to March 1848.
p p. 453
p 322 Osvobozhdeniye (Liberation)—a journal published under the editorship of P. B. Struve in Stuttgart and Paris, 1902-1905. Since 1904 it was an 772 organ of the liberal bourgeois League of Liberation, which in 1905 formed the nucleus of the Cadet Party.
p The counter-revolutionary and anti-proletarian character of this paper was exposed in a resolution suggested by Plekhanov and Lenin and adopted by the Second Congress of the R.S.D.L.P. in 1903.
p p. 454
p 323 Proletary— the central organ of the R.S.D.L.P., was published in Geneva from May 14 (27) to November 12 (25), 1905. Lenin was its editor. It was the successor of Lenin’s Iskra (The Spark) and the Bolshevik Vperyod (Forward), and became the ideological and organisational centre of Bolshevism during the period of the First Russian Revolution. The paper exposed the Menshevik tactics of compromising with the bourgeoisie. In the additions he made to the notes on Engels’ Ludwig Feuerbach in 1905 Plekhanov, as a Menshevik, tried to discredit the theory of the hegemony of the proletariat in the bourgeois revolution followed by Proletary, representing it as a return to the ideas of the Narodnaya Volya party.
p p. 454
p 324 F. Engels, The Peasant War in Germany, pp. 138-39.
p These same propositions of Engels are analysed in Lenin’s article " Social-Democracy and the Provisional Revolutionary Government" (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 8, pp. 280-81) in which Lenin shows the "difference between the point of view of revolutionary Social- Democracy and that of tail-ism”. (P. 281.)
p p. 455
p 325 To benefit Menshevism and harm the Bolshevism by factional activity, Plekhanov ascribed Blanquism to Lenin in 1905. He opposed the decisions of the Third Congress of the R.S.D.L.P. on the necessity for establishing a revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the workers and peasants, limiting the tasks of the First Russian Revolution to the establishment of a bourgeois-democratic parliamentary republic. Lenin, on the other hand, regarded the creation and the work of the Provisional revolutionary government as the most important condition for the passing of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into the socialist revolution, p. 455
p 326 Note 7 comes after Engels’ words: "...surreptitiously accepting materialism, while denying it before the world”. (P. 347.)
p p. 455
p 327 p. Holbach, The System of Nature or On the Laws of the Physical World and the Spiritual World. (Systeme de la nature ou Des Lois du Monde Physique et du Monde Moral, Par. M. Mirabeau, Premiere partie, Londres, 1781.)
p p. 459
p 328 F. A. Lange, Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart, 1866.
p p. 459
p 329 Goethes Werke, Berlin, Ausgabe Gustav Humpel, T. 2, S. 230.
p p. 459
p 330 Priestley’s polemic with Price was recorded in a book published in London in 1778, D. Priestley, A Free Discussion on the Doctrines of Materialism and Philosophical Necessity.
p p. 460
p 331 I. M. Sechenov, Selected Philosophical and Psychological Works, Gospolitizdat Publishing House, 1947, pp. 350, 359.
p p. 460
p 332 Plekhanov’s articles against Schmidt are published in the second volume of this edition.
p p. 464
p 333 Poprishchin—a character in Gogol’s tale A Madman’s Diary— a minor official with a mania for greatness. His name has become a symbol of a maniac obsessed by delirious ideas.
p p. 466
p 334 In this case Plekhanov “discloses a confusion of terms”, Lenin points 773 out. (Collected Works, Vol. 14, p. 141.)
p p. 466
p 335 Note 8 comes after Engels’ words: "...limitation of classical French materialism”. (P. 349.)
p p 467
p 336 The dialectical-materialist solution of the question of the impermissibility of glossing over the specific character of qualitatively different forms of motion of matter, of the impermissibility of reducing these forms to one of them was given by Engels. (Dialectics of Nature, Moscow, 1954, pp. 328, 332-33.)
p ^.457
p 337 The System of Nature or On the Laws of the Physical World and the Spiritual World, Holbach’s most important work, was published in Amsterdam in 1770 under the pseudonym of M. Mirabeau and with an imaginary place of publication in London. For a long time it was ascribed to a group of authors.
p p. 468
p 338 Note 9 follows Engels’ words: "the complete idealist Hegel”. (P. 352.)
p p. 468
p 339 in Uspensky’s series of tales Living Figures we find the words: "There is the kind of complicated thing sometimes hidden in statistic fractions. You ponder and ponder these little ciphers, you do all sorts of calculations, and suddenly a tear drops and smudges it all! " (G. I. Uspensky, Collected Works, Vol. X, Book 2, edition of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 1954, p. 179.)
p p. 469
p 340 Cf. Hegel, Werke, Bd. I, Berlin, 1832, S. 349-59.
p p. 471
p 341 End of Schiller’s "The Philosopher”, 1 796.
p p. 472
p 342 Ch. Darwin, The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection, Chapter V. The attempt to transpose biological concepts to the domain of social science was criticised by Lenin in Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. (Collected Works, Vol. 14, pp. 328-29.)
p p. 473
p 343 Cf. Hegel, Werke, Bd. I, Berlin, 1832, S. 105-106. The passage quoted by Hegel is from Jacobi. Qacobi, Werke, Bd. 3, S. 37-38.)
p p. 474
p 344 Note 10 follows Engels’ words: "a fact of which the history of feudalism and of the bourgeoisie, for example, constitutes a single continual proof”. (P. 357.)
p p. 474
p 345 Note 11 follows Engels’ words: "But, of course, this cannot be gone into here.” (P. 370.)
p p. 475
p 346 L. Morgan, Ancient Society or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery Through Barbarism to Civilisation, New York, 1878.
p p. 475
p 347 Cf. H. Cunow, Die soziale Verfassung des Inkareichs. Eine Untersuchung des altperuanischen Agrarkommunismus, Stuttgart, Dietz, 1896, and his article, "Les bases economiques du matriarcat" published in the journal Le devenir social, 1898, Nos. 1, 2 and 4.
p p. 475
p 348 Lenin criticised Plekhanov’s error on “hieroglyphs” in Materialism and Empirio-Criticism. (Collected Works, Vol. 14, pp. 232-38.)
BOURGEOIS OF DAYS GONE BY
p Plekhanov wrote "Bourgeois of Days Gone By" in connection with the international proletarian holiday of May 1 for the French journal Le Socialiste. It was published in No. 135 of that journal, April 23, 1893, under the 774 title "Les bourgeois d’autrefois”. In Russian it was first published in Plekhanov’s Works after his death.
p In the present edition it is given according to the text of the Works (1923-1927) checked with the French edition of the article in Le Socialiste.
p 349 See Claude-Adrien Helvetius, De I’homme, de ses facultes intellectuelles et de son education.
p p. 483
p 350 Ibid,
p p. 483
p 351 Ibid.
p p. 483
p 352 Ibid.
p p. 484
p 353 Ibid.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MONIST VIEW OF HISTORY
p When first written for illegal publication, Plekhanov’s The Development of the Monist View of History, the best of his Marxist works, was given the title Our Differences, Part II. However, as the opportunity presented itself of publishing the book legally, the original title was discarded, for it would have immediately revealed the identity of the author. (See Note to the present edition of Our Differences, pp. 750-51.)
p Under the title The Development of the Monist View of History, the book appeared in January 1895, the author using the pseudonym Beltov. The history of this book has become recently clear from early versions kept in the Plekhanov archives, from proofs printed abroad which have been found and from other materials which were previously not known of. (The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV.)
p It is not without interest to note that the first chapter of the book which Plekhanov wrote was the concluding one, dealing with the applicability of Marxism to Russia and with Marx’s own views on the subject, disclosed in his famous letter to the editorial board of Otechestvenniye Zapiski. An examination of the Plekhanov archives brought to light two original versions of this chapter which seem from all available data to have been written at the end of 1892 for publication in a legal journal. Plekhanov wished to publish it in Seventy Vestnik, but was unable to do so. In one version the title is "Strange Misunderstanding”, and in the other "Slight Misunderstanding”. The chapter was not published at the time and did not appear in print until after the author’s death, in The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, 1937.
p The Development of the Monist View of History is here printed according to the text of the seventh volume (1925) of Plekhanov’s Works (1923-27), checked for the present publication with the first edition of 1895 and the second of 1905.
p 354 The proximity of the 1905 Revolution allowed the second edition of the book to be published in Russia and therefore it did not appear abroad. At this time (1904) the main opponent, Mikhailovsky, against whom Plekhanov’s polemic shafts were directed in the first place, died. Both the second edition in 1905 and the third in 1906 appeared without substantial atlerations. Meanwhile the need had arisen to make additions to the first edition, as Plekhanov mentioned in his letter of February 9, 1904, to the Bern group for promoting the work of the R.S.D.L.P. (The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, 1937, p. 203.) An interesting document was found in the archives, namely, a succinct draft of such additions and a number of hints intended perhaps to be developed in 775 Beltov’s book. This document was deciphered and published in 1’he Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, pp. 203-36. Some of these additions are given in the following commentary.
p p. 486
p 355 See Note on p. 785 of this volume to the article "A Few Words to Our Opponents".
p p. 486
p 356 Russkoye Bogatstvo (Russian Wealth)—a monthly magazine published in St. Petersburg, from 1876 to 1918. The organ of the Liberal Narodniks since the early nineties, it waged a bitter struggle against Marxism. N. K. Mikhailovsky was one of its editors.
p p. 486
p 357 The reference is to N. Kudrin’s article "On the Heights of Objective Truth”, a review of Beltov’s book printed in Russkoye Bogatstvo, No. 5. 1895, pp. 144-70.
p p. 486
p 358 The quotations here and further are from N. K. Mikhailovsky’s article in Russkoye Bogatstvo, No. 1, 1894. One of his customary reviews which were printed in the magazine under the general title "Literature and Life”, it was among the first articles in which the Liberal Narodniks opened their campaign against the Marxists.
p p. 488
p 359 V. V. (Vorontsov)’s symposium Conclusions from an Economic Investigation of Russia According to Zemstvo Statistics, Vol. I, The Village Commune, appeared in 1892.
p p. 495
p 360 Augustin Thierry, History of the Conquest of England by the Normans, London, 1841, pp. 67, 68.
p p. 509
p 361 Condorcet develops these thoughts in his Esquisse d’un tableau historique des progres de I’esprit humain, t. 1-2, Paris, 1794, to which Plekhanov repeatedly refers also in other works.
p p. 511
p 362 p. Arnaud, 1’abbe, Discours, prononce dans I’Academie franfaise le 13 mai 1771 a la reception de M. I’abbe Arnaud, Paris, 1771.
p p. 512
p 363 The author of the Comments on Mill is N. G. Chernyshevsky, who devoted a number of pages to criticism of Malthusianism. (Cf. N. G. Chernyshevsky, Collected Works, Vol. IX, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1949, pp. 251-334.)
p " p. 516
p 364 For the first time Mikhailovsky used the term "heroes and crowd" in his article of the same title which he wrote in 1882. (Cf. N. K. Mikhailovsky, Collected Works, Vol. II, St Petersburg, 1907, pp. 95-190.)
p p. 516
p 365 Goethe, Faust, Part I.
p p. 521
p 366 Sovremennik (Contemporary)—a political, scientific and literary monthly founded by A. S. Pushkin. It was published in St. Petersburg from 1836 to 1866. From 1847 it came out under the editorship of N. A. Nekrasov and I. I. Panayev. Among its contributors were the outstanding figures of Russian revolutionary democracy V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov and M. Y. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Sovremennik was the most progressive magazine of its time, the mouthpiece of the Russian revolutionary democrats. It was suppressed by the tsarist government in 1866.
p p. 524
p 367 The reference is made to N. G. Chernyshevsky.
p p. 524
p 368 This is a slightly changed phrase from the Manifesto issued by Nicholas I in 1848 in connection with the revolutions in Vienna, Paris and Berlin. The original phrase read: "Hear, O tongues and be stilled, since the Lord Himself is with us.” The Manifesto was intended to restrain the liberal 776 elements of Russian society and to intimidate revolutionary Europe.
p 369 Shchedrin—pen-name of M.Y. Saltykov (1829-1889), great Russian satirist and revolutionary democrat. The words of a "Moscow historian" freely rendered by G. V. Plekhanov (Shchedrin mentions Mstislav and Rostislav) are borrowed from Shchedrin’s Modern Idyll which describes the feuds of Russian dukes in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, p. 528
p 370 As formulated by Mikhailovsky, dualism maintained the existence of two truths—"the truth of verity”, i.e., what actually is, and "the truth of justice"-what ought to be.
p p. 528
p 371 Doctrinaires— a group of moderate bourgeois liberals who played a prominent role in the political life of France during the Restoration. They were bitter opponents of democracy and the Republic. They rejected the very principles of the revolution and its legitimacy but recognised the new civil order, i.e., the new bourgeois economic system.
p p. 530
p 372 Quotation from Nekrasov’s poem "Who Lives Well in Russia”, Part 2, Chap. IV.
p P- 532
p 373 The Peasant Bank, on which the Liberal Narodniks placed their hopes, was instituted by the tsarist government in 1882, allegedly to help the peasants to buy land. In actual fact, it favoured the nobility, inflated prices on the landed gentry’s estates and was a means of implanting and consolidating kulak elements in the countryside.
p p. 533
p 374 A paraphrase of a. line from Nekrasov’s Knight for.an Hour. The relevant passage reads:
From the jubilant crowd of idlers
Whose hands are stained with blood,
Lead me on to the camp of fighters
For the great cause of love!
p 375 Nikolai—on (Danielson)—a Russian Narodnik who was the first to translate Marx’s Capital into Russian, as a result of which he got the undeserved reputation of being a Marxist. The first volume of Capital, which he translated with Hermann Lopatin, appeared in 1872, the second in 1885, and the third in 1896. In consequence a lively correspondence arose between Nikolai—on and Marx and Engels.
p p. 534
p 376 Le Producteur (The Producer)—organ of the Saint-Simonists, was published in Paris in 1825-26. It was founded by Saint-Simon not long before he died and was edited by his followers Bazard, Enfantin, Rodriguez and others. The magazine had as epigraph:
p “L’age d’or, qu’une aveugle tradition a place jusqu’ici dans le passe, est devant nous."
p p. 536
p 377 Globe—organ of the Saint-Simonists after 1831, was founded by Pierre Leroux in 1824.
p p. 536
p 378 Russkaya Mysl (Russian Thought) a monthly of a Liberal Narodnik trend. Started publication in 1880.
p p. 540
p 379 A line from the unfinished poem "Ilya Muromets" by N. M. Karamzin (1786-1826).
p p. 542
p 380 On this Goethe wrote in Wahrheit und Dichtung (Truth and Poetry): "Forbidden books, doomed to be burned, which caused such an uproar at the time, had no influence whatever on us. As an example I shall cite Systeme de la Nature, which we acquainted ourselves with out of curiosity. We could not understand how such a book could be dangerous: it 777 seemed to us so gloomy, so Cimmerian, so deathlike, that it was difficult for us to endure it and we shuddered at it as at a spectre."
p 381 Quotation from Faust by Goethe.
p p. 545
p 382 The Battle of Marathon, in which the Athenians beat the Persians in 490 B. C., predetermined the favourable outcome of the Second Greek- Persian War for the Greeks and promoted the prosperity of the Athenian democracy.
p p 553
p 383 N. G. Chernyshevsky, Collected Works, Vol. Ill, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1947, p. 208.
p p. 554
p 384 N. G. Chernyshevsky, "Criticism of Philosophical Prejudices Against Communal Land Tenure”. (Cf. Collected Works, Vol. V, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1950, p. 39 1.)
p p. 555
p 385 In a letter to Botkin dated-March 1, 1841, Belinsky jokingly referred to Hegel as Yegor Fyodorovich, the Russian form of Georg Friedrich: "No thank you, Yegor Fyodorovich, with all due respect for your philosophical cap; let me inform you, with all respect for your philosophical phiIistinism, that if I did succeed in reaching the top of the evolution ladder, I would demand even there an account from you of all the victims of the conditions of life and history, of all the victims of accident, superstition, the Inquisition, Philip II, etc., etc.: otherwise I will throw myself headlong from the top rung.” (Cf. V. G. Belinsky, Selected Letters, Vol. 2, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1955, p. 141.)
p p. 553
p 386 The article by Mikhailovsky from which this and the following quotation are taken, "On Dialectical Development and the Triple Formulae of Progress”, was included in his Collected Works, Vol. VII, St. Petersburg 1909, pp. 758-80.
p p 559
p 387 F. Fngels, Anti-Duhring, Moscow, 1969, pp. 162-63.
p p. 560
p 388 Lines from Offenbach’s operetta La Belle Helene (text by Meilhac and Halevy).
p p. 561
p ^^389^^ Somewhat changed words of a character from A. Griboyedov’s Wit Works Woe.
p 390 The reference is to what Engels says about Rousseau in Chapter XIII of Anti-Duhring.
p 391 Mikhailovsky’s article "Karl Marx Before the Judgement of Mr. Y. Zhukovsky" was printed in Otechestvenniye Zapiski, 1877, No. 10. (Cf. N. K. Mikhailovsky, Collected Works, Vol. IV, St. Petersburg, 1909, pp. 165-206.)
p p. 565
p ^^392^^ F. Engels, Anti-Duhring, Moscow, 1969, p. 170.
p p. 566
p 393 F. Engels, Anti-Duhring, Moscow, 1969, pp. 31, 29-30.
p p. 566
p 394 The first complete Russian edition of Anti-Duhring appeared in 1904.
p p. 567
p 395 Hegel wrote in the Preface to his Philosophy of Law: "When philosophy begins to paint in grey colours on the grey background of reality its youth cannot be restored, it can only be cognized; Minerva’s owl flies only at night."
p Plekhanov speaks of these propositions of Hegel in his article "For the Sixtieth Anniversary of Hegel’s Death" (see pp. 413-38 of this volume).
p p. 568
p 396 Leibniz, Essais de Theodicee. In the book: Die philosophischen Schriften 778 von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Bd. 6, Berlin, 1885, S. 130.
p p. 569
p 397 Cf. B. Spinoza, Letter to G. G. Schuller, October 1674, in Spinoza’s Correspondence.
p p. 569
p 398 Cf. F. W. J. Schelling, System des transzendentalen Idealismus, Hamburg, 1957, S. 271.
p p. 572
p 399 Hegel develops these thoughts in his Philosophy of History.
p p. 574
p 400 Plekhanov has Marx in mind. The quotation given lower is from The Holy Family, Moscow, 1956, pp. 78-80.
p p. 575
p 401 Cf. Schelling, Ideen zu einer Philosophic der Natur, Landshut, 1803, S. 223.
p p. 577
p 402 See Hegel, The Philosophy of History.
p p. 577
p 403 At one time Mikhailovsky contributed to Otechestvenniye Zapiski, of which Shchedrin was an editor (from 1868 to 1884).
p p. 578
p 404 Historical Letters were written by P.L. Lavrov and published in St. Petersburg in 1870 under the pen-name of P. L. Mirtov.
p p. 582
p 405 K. Marx and F. Engels, The Holy Family, Moscow, 1956, pp. 115-17.
p p. 584
p 406 K. Marx and F. Engels, The Holy Family,Moscow, 1956, p. 21. p. 584
p 407 Suzdal— from Suzdal locality in old Russia where icon painting was widespread. Icon prints produced in Suzdal in great quantities were cheap and inartistic. Hence, the adjective Suzdal has come to denote something that is cheap and inartistic.
p p. 585
p 408 K. Marx, Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. (Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 503.)
p p. 586
p 409 K. Marx, Wage Labour and Capital. (Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 159.)
p p. 588
p 410 K. Marx, Wage Labour and Capital. (Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, pp. 159-60.)
p p. 588
p 411 Ch. Darwin, The Descent of Man, London, 1875, p. 51.
p p. 589
p 412 Plekhanov’s reference is to Martius’ book Von dem Rechtszustande unter den Ureinwohnern Brasiliens, Miinchen, 1832.
p p. 590
p 413 K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1958, p. 513.’
p p. 591
p 414 Plekhanov develops these thoughts far more fully in additions not included in the second edition. (Cf. The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, 1937, p. 209.)
p p. 595
p 415 L. Morgan, Ancient Society or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery Through Barbarism to Civilization, New York, 1878.
p p. 595
p 416 Plekhanov’s posthumous article against Weisengriin, one of the early “critics” of Marx, is to be found in The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. V, pp. 10-17.
p p. 595
p 417 The historical school of law was a reactionary trend in German jurisprudence at the end of the 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century defending feudalism and feudal monarchy against the conception of state law advanced by the French Revolution. Its chief representatives were Hugo, Savigny and Puchta.
p p. 599
p 418 In the work mentioned by Plekhanov, Kovalevsky quotes a book by the well-known French jurist Lerminier. (p. 54.)
779p 419 The reference is to H. Rink’s Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo with a Sketch of Their Habits, Religion, Language and Other Peculiarities, Edinburgh and London, 1875.
p p. 607
p 420 K. Marx and F. Engels, Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. (Cf. Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 503.)
p p. 611
p 421 K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, Moscow, 1958, p. 177.
p p. 613
p 422 K. Marx and F. Engels, Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. (Cf. Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 503.)
p p. 614
p 423 F. Engels, "Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy". (Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, pp. 503-04.)
p p. 615
p 424 Plekhanov here refers to L. I. Mechnikov’s book La civilisation et les grands fleuves historiques. Avec une preface de M. Elisee Reclus, Paris, 1889.
p p. 616
p 425 Plekhanov refers to Paul Earth’s objections to Marx in Die Geschichtsphilosophie Hegels und der Hegelianer bis auf Marx und Hartmann, Leipzig, 1890,8.49-50.
p p. 617
p 426 Word and Deed of His Majesty the conventional name for tsarist political police method in the Russian Empire in the 18th century. To say "word and deed" meant to report high treason.
p p. 619
p 427 Quotation from N. I. Kareyev’s "Economic Materialism in History”. Vestnik Yevropy, ]u\y 1894, p. 7.
p p. 622
p 428 K. Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.(Cf. K.Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 421.)
p p. 628
p 429 Lamarck, Zoological Philosophy, Vol. I, Ch. VII, in Elliot’s translation, London, 1914, pp. 107-08.
p p. 628
p 430 Quotation from Marx’s The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 400
p 431 The reference is to the tragedies of Sumarokov, Knyazhnin, Kheraskov and other Russian dramatists of the 18th century.
p p. 633
p 432 The "Glorious Revolution" -the English revolution of 16,88-89; the "Great Rebellion"—the French revolution at the end of the 18th century.
p ’
p p. 634
p 433 All editions contain the mistake: "Pseudo-classical English literature."
p p. 634
p 434 The New Christianity was written by Saint-Simon.
p p. 638
p 435 Quotation from A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law. Introduction.
p p. 641
p 436 Quotation from Chernyshevsky’s dissertation Aesthetic Relations of Art and Reality. (N. G. Chernyshevsky, Selected Philosophical Essays, Moscow, 1953, pp. 287-88.)
p ’
p p. 644
p ^^437^^ Quotation from Nekrasov’s poem "New Year".
p p. 645
p 438 Quotation from Marx’s first thesis on Feuerbach. Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 13.
p p. 648
p 439 Chatsky—a character in Griboyedov’s comedy Wit Works Woe.
p Chatsky personifies the progressive section of Russian noble youth in the first quarter of the 19th century. He is a man of lofty ideals and advanced views.
780p 440 Skalozub a character in Griboyedov’s comedy Wit Works Woe, an ignorant and presumptious officer, enemy of free thinking.
p p. 649
p 441 In the new edition Plekhanov intended to make clear this passage, which had been intentionally obscured because of the censorship. Among the additions preserved in the archives which he did not make use of, the following remark applies to this passage: "Skalozub stands for censorship. This should be explained by what happened to the same Beltovor Collection, Novoye Slovo and Nachalo". This list includes editions which suffered from persecution by the censorship: the book of Beltov ( Plekhanov) The Development of the Monist View of History, the first edition of which was quickly sold out and besides confiscated from libraries, could not be republished for ten years, until 1905; the Marxist symposium Material for a Characterisation of Our Economic Development, printed in 1895, was held up for a year and a half by the censorship and then the whole edition was burned, except for a few copies which were fortuitously preserved; the magazine Novoye Slovo (New Word) was suppressed in December 1897; the magazine Nachalo (Beginning), its successor in 1899, was prohibited at the fifth issue. Thus, Marxists were almost without any legal publication while the Narodniks enjoyed almost entire liberty in this respect.
p p. 649
p 442 The reference is to the Communist Manifesto by K.Marx and F. Engels.
p p. 650
p 443 In the unpublished supplement Plekhanov makes the following comment on this passage: "People did not understand that it was impossible to recognise Marx’s economic views while denying his historic views: Capital is also an historical study. Many ’Marxists’ also failed to understand Capital properly. The fate of Volume Three was that Struve, Bulgakov, Tugan-Baranovsky distorted Marx’s economic theories”. (The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, p. 223.)
p p. 650
p 444 This refers to the famous letter Marx wrote to the editors of Otechestvenniye Zapiski at the end of 1877 about an article by one of the editors of the magazine, N. K. Mikhailovsky, "Karl Marx Before the Judgement of Mr. Zhukovsky”. (Otechestvenniye Zapiski, No. 10, 1877). The letter was not sent and was found by Engels in Marx’s papers after his death. It was published in Vestnik Narodnoi Volt, 1886, No. 5 and in the legal Yuridichesky Vestnik No. 10, 1888. The letter was usually wrongly called the letter to Mikhailovsky, although in it Marx only speaks of Mikhailovsky in the third person. (Cf. Correspondence of K. Marx and F. Engels with Russian Political Figures, Gospolitizdat Publishing House, 1951, pp. 220-23.)
p In this letter Marx protests against the distortion of his views, against the desire to turn his "historical sketch of the genesis of capitalism in Western Europe into an historico-philosophical theory of the general path every people is fated to tread, whatever the historical circumstances in which it finds itself....” It was this passage in the letter that the Narodniks seized upon, interpreting it as a justification of their hopes for a peculiar way of development for Russia. (Cf. N. K. Mikhailovsky, Collected Works, Vol. VII. St. Petersburg, 1909, p. 327; also in the present editon, Note 465.)
p p. 651
p 445 Marx speaks of the French materialists of the 18th century in The Holy Family, in the section "Critical Battle Against French Materialism" of the chapter "Absolute Criticism’s Third Campaign" and also in Th? German Ideology.
781p 446 In 1892, Mikhailovsky wrote in Russkaya My si, No. 6, p. 90, that Marx’s philosophical theory "is expounded in the sixth chapter of Capital under the modest title ’So-Called Primitive Accumulation”’. (Cf. N. K. Mikhailovsky, Collected Works, Vol. VII, St. Petersburg, 1909, p. 321.) p. 652
p 447 From the Russian soldiers’ song which derided Russian incapable generals (General Read among them) during the Crimean War (1853-56). The author of the song is Lev Tolstoy,then an officer in the field.
p p. 656
p 448 The reference is to Wilhelm Bios’ book Die deutsche Revolution. Geschichte der deutschen Bewegung von 1848 und 1849, Berlin, 1923.
p p. 657
p 449 In Gleb Uspensky’s tale “Budka” (The Sentry Post), an old man whose job is to supply a small wandering orchestra with strings proudly says that his strings are expensive, "not some rotten trash”, because he cannot have it any other way: "If I can breathe only with the strings" (if my only means of living is by strings), "I must make sure that they give out a fine sound."
p p. 659
p 450 Characterising Balzac’s work in a letter to Margaret Harkness at the beginning of April 1888, Engels wrote that from Balzac’s novels he "even in economic details... has learned more than from all the professed historians, economists and statisticians of the period together”. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Correspondence, Moscow, 1965, p. 402.
p This passage is commented as follows by Plekhanov: "G. Uspensky can be safely placed alongside Balzac in this respect. His Power of the Soil. See my article ’G. I. Uspensky’ in the collection Sotsial-Demokrat”. (The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, p. 224.) In Plekhanov’s Works his article on Uspensky is in Vol. X.
p p. 659
p 45 1 The quoted words are taken from Pushkin’s draft copy of one of the chapters in Eugene Onegin.
p p. 661
p 452 Morgan’s book was published in 1877.
p p. 661
p 453 Engels speaks of this in the preface to his book Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, dated February 21, 1888. Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 3, Moscow. 1970, pp. 335-36.
p p. 661
p 454 From I.A. Krylov’s fable “Tomtit”.
p p. 663
p 455 Plekhanov quotes Marx’s eighth thesis on Feuerbach. Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, p. 15.
p p. 667
p 456 Goethe’s last words.
p p. 667
p 457 Y. Zhukovsky analyses Capital in his article "Karl Marx and His Book on Capital" (Vestnik Yevropy, 1877, Vol. 9.)
p p. 669
p 458 Engels characterises Karl Heinzen as follows: "Herr Heinzen is a former liberal small official who as early as 1844 dreamed of progress within the framework of the law and of a paltry German constitution."(K. Marx and F. Engels, Gesamtausgabe, Erste Abt., Bd. 6, S. 282-98.)
p p. 675
p 459 Here Plekhanov has in mind articles by Marx and Engels against Heinzen published in 1847 in the Deutsche-Brusseler Zeitung. The paper carried two articles by Engels: "The Communists and Karl Heinzen”, and one by Marx: "Moralising Criticism and Critical Morality".
p p. 675
p 460 The words of Engels quoted are taken from the following passage: "Herr Heinzen of course imagines that the relations of property, the right of inheritance, etc., can be changed and trimmed into shape at one’s own convenience. Herr Heinzen, one of the most ignorant men of this 782 century, may not know of course that the relations of property at each given period are the necessary result of this period’s mode of production and intercourse.” (Marx, Engels, Werke, Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1969, Bd. 4, S. 314.)
p p. 675
p 461 The Liberal Narodniks accused the Marxists of being glad of the capitalisation of the countryside, of welcoming the painful separation of the peasants from their lands and of being ready to promote this process by all means at their disposal, hand in hand with the country kulaks and plunderers, the heroes of "primitive accumulation”, the Kolupayevs and Razuvayevs depicted in Saltykov-Shchedrin’s satirical work The Refuge of Man Repos.
p p. 676
p 462 Molchalinism—from Molchalin (see Note 252).
p p. 678
p 463 Plekhanov here refers to the preface of V. V. (V. P. Vorontsov) to the collection of his articles Destinies of Capitalism in Russia, published in 1882. In that preface Vorontsov gives as the reason for reprinting his articles the fact that he wishes "to stir our learned and sworn publicists of capitalism and Narodism to study the laws of Russia’s economic development, the basis of all other phenomena in tlr- life of the country. Without knowledge of this law. systematic and successful social activity is impossible”. (P. 1.)
p p. 679
p 464 Quotation from S. N. Krivenko’s article "In Connection with Cultural Recluses”. (Russkoye Bogatstvo, December 1893, Section II, p. 189.) p. 679
p 465 in 1884 Engels sent Vera Zasulich a copy of Marx’s letter. (The letter had not been dispatched by Marx.) "Enclosed herewith is a manuscript (copy) by Marx”, he wrote to her on March 6, "of which please make such use as you deem best. I do not recall whether it was the Slovo or the Otechestvenniye Zapiski where he found the article: ’Karl Marx Before the Judgement of Mr. Zhukovsky’. He drew up this reply which bears the imprint of something written for publication in Russia, but he never sent it off to Petersburg for fear that his name alone would be sufficient to jeopardise the existence of the journal that would publish his reply.” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Correspondence, Moscow, 1965, p. 370.)
p p. 680
p 466 This and a number of the following quotations are from Marx’s letter to the editorial board of Otechestvenniye Zapiski. See Note 444. p. 682
p 467 On the substance of the question Marx’s thought comes to this: the village commune "may be the starting point of the communist development" if "the Russian revolution serves as a signal for the proletarian revolution in the West”. Marx and Engels also expressed this, thought in 1882 in the Preface to the first Russian edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party. Still earlier Engels expressed the same thought in his article "Soziales aus Russland" printed in 1875 in Volksstaat in reply to P. N. Tkachov’s "Open Letter”. (Cf. F. Engels, "On Social Relations in Russia”. K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works, Vol. 2, Moscow, 1973, pp. 387-98.)
p By the nineties, however, it was already clear to Engels that the village commune in Russia was rapidly disintegrating under the pressure of developing capitalism. He mentioned this in a number of his works of that time: "The Foreign Policy of Russian Tsarism" (1890), "Socialism in Germany" (1891), "Can Europe Disarm? "(1893), and others. Finally, jn 1894, in his “Afterword” to "Reply to P. N. Tkachov”, he wrote: "Has this village commune still survived to such an extent that at the required 783 moment, as Marx and I still hoped in 1882, it could, combined with a revolution in Western Europe, become the starting point of communist developmcni of this I will not undertake to judge. But of one thing there is no doubt; for anything at all of this commune to survive, first of all tsarist despotism must be overthrown, there must be a revolution in Russia.” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Correspondence with Russian Political Figures, Russ. ed., 1951, p. 297.)
p p. 682
p ^^468^^ K. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy.
p p. 682
p 469 Chernyshevsky developed his view on the concreteness of truth in Sketches of the Gogol Period in Russian Literature. (N. G. Chernyshevsky, Collected Works, Vol. Ill, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1947.)
p p. 683
p 470 Marx says this in his letter to the editorial board of Otechestvenniye Zapiski. (Cf. K. Marx and F. Engels, Correspondence with Russian Political Figures, Russ. ed., 1951, p. 221.)
p p. 683
p 471 Plekhanov does not quote the exact words of K. Marx. Below we give the French original and the exact translation of this passage:
p “Si la Russie tend a devenirune nation capitaliste, a 1’instardes nations de 1’Europe occidental—et pendant les dernieres annees elle s’est donnee beaucoup de mal dans ce sens—elle n’y reussira pas sans avoir prealablement transforme une bonne partie de ses paysans en proletaires; et apres cela, une fois amenee au giron du regime capitaliste, elle en subira les lois impitoyables, comme d’autres peuples profanes. Voila tout.” Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Ausgewdhlte Briefe, Berlin, 1953.
p “(If Russia is tending to become a capitalist nation after the example of West European countries—and during the last few years she has been taking a lot of trouble in this direction—she will not succeed without having first transformed a good part of her peasants into proletarians; and after that, once taken to the bosom of the capitalist regime, she will experience its pitiless laws like other profane peoples. That is all.” K. Marx and F. Angels,Selected Correspondence, Moscow, 1965, p 313).
p p. 684
p 472 One of the most popular Russian proverbs: "The nightingale is not fed on fables"—"fine words butter no parsnips."
p p. 687
p 473 Plekhanov wanted to make the following addition to this passage: "Here I have in mind the activity of the Social-Democrats. It has promoted the development of capitalism by removing antiquated modes of production, for instance home industry. The attitude of Social- Democracy in the West to capitalism is briefly defined by the following words of Bebel at the Breslau Congress of the Party (1895): ’I always ask myself whether a given step will not harm the development of capitalism. If it will, I am against it....’" (The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, p. 229.)
p p. 691
p 474 See Note 407.
p p. 691
p 475 in G. Uspensky’s tale “Nothing”, from his series Living Figures, a peasant who pays "for nothing”, i.e., pays tax on land he does not cultivate, is quite convinced that to pay "for nothing" is far better than to cultivate his allotment.
p p. 691
p 476 P. Y. Chaadayev said this in his first "Philosophical Letter”. (P. Y. Chaadayev, Philosophical Letters, Russ. ed., Moscow, 1906, p. 11.)
784p 477 From Nckrasov’s poem "Meditations at the Main Entrance".
p p. 692
p 478 In Tolstoy’s War and Peace.
p p. 692
p 479 Plekhanov intended to give the following explanation of these words: "i.e., I mean socialist”. (The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, p. 230.)
p p. 693
p 480 Friedrich List, a German economist, and ideologist of the German industrial bourgeoisie when capitalism was still weak in Germany, put special emphasis on the development of the productive forces of the separate national economies. For this he considered it necessary to have the cooperation of the state (e.g., protective tariffs on industrial goods), p. 693
p 481 Plekhanov has the following remarks on this passage: "Concerning N.—on. What was his principal mistake? He had a poor understanding of ’the law of value”. He considered it statically, not dynamically.... What Kngcls said on the possibility of error in Struve and N.—on.” (The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, pp. 230-31.)
p On February 26, 1895, Kngels wrote to Plekhanov: "As for Danielson (N. -on), I’m afraid nothing can be done about him.... It is quite impossible to argue with the generation of Russians to which he belongs and which still believes in the spontaneous communist mission that distinguishes Russia, the truly holy Russia, from the other, profane, nations.” (K. Marx and F. Kngels, Correspondence with Russian Political Figures, Russ. ed., 1951, p. 341.)
p p. 698
p 482 Plekhanov here refers to S. N. Krivenko’s article "On the Needs of People’s Industry”, the end of which was printed in No. 10 of Russkoye Bogatstvo, 1894.
ONCE AGAIN Mr. MIKHAILOVSKY, ONCE MORE THE “TRIAD”
p This appendix (Once Again Mr. Mikhailovsky, Once More the “Triad”) was given in the very first edition of the book The Development of the Monist View of History.
p 483 In the review "Literature and Life”, “(On Mr. P. Struve and his ’Critical Remarks on the Subject of Russia’s Economic Development”’), Russkoye Bogatstvo, 1894, No. 10. (N. K. Mikhailovsky, Collected Works, Vol. VII, St. Petersburg, 1909, pp. 885-924.)
p p. 704
p 484 G. Uspensky’s tale "The Incurable" is from the series New Times, New Troubles.
p p. 706
p 485 Quotation from Belinsky’s Letter to Botkin, March 1, 1841, See Note 385.
p P- 707
p 486 Struve’s Critical Remarks on the Subject of Russia’s Economic Development was the object of profound criticism by V. I. Lenin in his Economic Content of Narodism and the Criticism of It in Mr. Struve’s Book published in 1894. Lenin exposed the liberal views of Struve and advanced the viewpoint of the revolutionary Marxism. Struve’s call "to go into training by capitalism" was defined by Lenin as a purely bourgeois slogan.
p p. 710
p 487 In a letter to P. V. Annenkov on February 15 (27), 1848, Belinsky wrote: "When, arguing with you about the bourgeoisie, I called you a conservative, I was a real ass and you were a clever man.... Now it is clear that the internal process of Russia’s civil development will not begin before the time when the Russian nobility are transformed into 785 bourgeois.” (V. G. Belinsky, Selected Letters, Vol. 2, Goslitizdat Publishing House, 1955, p. 389.)
p 488 Krivenko wrote about P. Struve’s book Critical Remarks on the Subject of Russia’s Economic Development which was published in 1894, in the afterword to his article "On the Needs of People’s Industry”. (Russkoye Bogatstvo, 1894, No. 10, pp. 126-30.)
p p. 710
489 The heavenly bird Sinn—an image of a mythical heavenly bird with a woman’s face and breast used in old Russian manuscripts and legends.
A FEW WORDS TO OUR OPPONENTS
p This appendix is a reply to Mikhailovsky’s article "Literature and Life (The Development of the Monist View of History by N. Beltov)" printed in No. 1 of Russkoye Bogatstvo, 1895. (Cf. N. K. Mikhailovsky, Collected Works, Vol. VIII, St. Petersburg, 1914, pp. 17-36.)
p The article "A Few Words to Our Opponents" was first published in 1895 under the signature of Utis in the Marxist symposium Material for a Characterisation of Our Economic Development (pp. 225-59) which was burned by the censorship. The hundred copies which were preserved became bibliographical rarities and the article was made accessible to the public only ten years later, when it was included as an appendix in the second edition of the book The Development of the Monist View of History.
p The article is here printed according to the text of the seventh volume of Plekhanov’s Works (1923-27). The text has been checked with the manuscript which is preserved complete in the Plekhanov archives, with the first publication of the symposium Material for a Characterisation of Our Economic Development and with the second edition of The Development of the Monist View of History in which it was included as the second appendix.
p 490 From the ballad “Potok-Bogatyr” by A. K. Tolstoy. (Cf. Collected Poems, published by Sovietsky Pisatel Publishing House, 1937, p. 288.)
p 491 From Ovid’s Metamorphoses.
p p. 713
p 492 Excerpt from Pushkin’s epigram "Cruelly Offended by Journals....” (A. S. Pushkin, Collected Works in 10 volumes, Vol. Ill, published by the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 1949, p. 108.)
p p. 714
p 493 The reviewer of Russkaya Mysl-the liberal V. Goltsev. His short review, quoted here by Plekhanov, was published in No. 1 of Russkaya Mysl, 1895, pp. 8-9.
p p. 714
p 494 From I. A. Krylov’s fable "The Mouse and the Rat".
p p. 715
p 495 See Hegel, Enzyklopddie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse.
p p. 717
p 496 Quotation from the same article by Mikhailovsky "Literature and Life”. (Introductory Note.)
p p. 718
p 497 The reference is to the satirical section of the magazine Sovremennik, “Svistok” (Whistle) (1859-63). One of the main contributors to this section was Dobrolyubov, who wrote’ under the pen-name Konrad Lilienschwager.
p P- 7 18
p 498 Lyapkin-Tyapkin—a personage in Gogol’s comedy Inspector-General.
786p 499 N. Sieber’s article "The Application of Dialectics to Science" was signed N. S. and published in Slovo, 1879, No. 11, pp. 117-69.
p p. 719
p 500 Histoire de dix ans—a. work in five volumes written by Louis Blanc in 1841-44. In it the author severely criticises the policy of the Orleanist Government in France and depicts the economic and social relations in the ten years from 1830 to 1840. Engels assessed this book very highly.
p p. 724
p 501 The planned supplement to the second edition was slightly altered in form: "On how Louis Blanc urged the reconciliation of the classes. In this respect he cannot be compared with Guizot who was irreconcilable. Mikhailovsky evidently read only Histoire de dix ans”. (The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, p. 233.)
p p. 725
p 502 Quoted from Hegel. In unpublished additions to the present article we find the following lines: "To page 22, reverse, appendix I. Give a more exact quotation from the first part of Hegel’s Enzyklopddie." In all probability these words apply to the passage in question. The "more exact quotation" from Hegel is apparently § 80 and in particular the “addition” to it in which the dialectical and metaphysical methods of thought are characterised.
p p. 726
p 503 The author of this book, published anonymously in 1841, was Bruno Bauer.
p p. 727
p 504 There is the following addition to this passage: "Refer to our illegal literature, which N.-on cannot have been ignorant of. It was not honest to act as if it did not exist, knowing that the censorship will not allow illegal books to be quoted.” (The Literary Legacy of G. V. Plekhanov, Coll. IV, p. 234.)
p p. 737
p 505 Plekhanov here has in mind the works of Russian economists and statisticians: "The Pokrovsk and Alexandrovsk Uyezds" by S. Kharizomenov (in the book Industries in the Vladimir Gubernia, Issue 3, Moscow, 1882), South-Russian Peasant Economy by V. Y. Postnikov (Moscow, 1891) and The Urals Cossack Troops. Statistical Description in Two Volumes by N. A. Borodin (Uralsk, 1891).
p p. 738
p 506 All the quotations made by Plekhanov here are from N.—on’s article "What is ’Economic Necessity’? " which was published in No. 3 of Russkoye Bogatstvo, 1895.
p p. 739
p 507 The article by Nikolai -on "Apologia of the Power of Money as the Sign of the Times" was published in Nos. 1 and 2 of Russkoye Bogatstvo, 1885.
p p. 742
p 508 From Krylov’s fable The Hermit and the Bear.
787 788Notes
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