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p Activit. (of man, class, or society), purposeful changing of the world.

p Aesthetic consciousness, views of art prevailing in a given society.

p Aesthetic., the study of art, methods of creation, genres and forms of art.

p Antagonis., a form of contradiction characterised by a sharp and irreconcilable conflict of the opposing forces or tendencies.

p Ar., reproduction of reality in artistic terms.

p Awareness, historical, is displayed by controlled and regulated functioning of human collectives, classes, parties, communities.

p Basi., a totality of specific historical production relations, the economic system of a given society.

p 19—1143

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p Bourgeoisi., the ruling class in capitalist society, owner of the means of production exploiting hired labour.

p Capitalist monopolies, economic associations exercising control over the markets through the concentration of material and financial resources and with the aim of gaining a monopolistic profit.

p Chance, historical, the processes and phenomena occurring in society as a result of conditions that are temporary as concerns the respective society’s existence and development, i.e. brought forth by external reasons.

p Civilisatio., the level of or stage in the development of society, of its material and intellectual culture.

p Clan, tribe, clan: a community of people based on blood kinship descending from a common ancestor and called by a common surname; tribe: a community of kindred clans.

p Classe., "large groups of people differing from each other by the place they occupy in the historically determined system of social production, by their relations (in most cases fixed and formulated in law) to the means of production, by their role in the social organisation of labour, and consequently, by the dimensions of the share of social wealth of which they dispose and 283 the mode of acquiring it" (V. I. Lenin).

p Class struggle is waged between classes whose interests are incompatible or contradictory; it is the basic content of and the driving force behind the development of all antagonistic class societies.

p Cultur., totality of material and intellectual values created by mankind in its socio-historical practice.

p Demograph., a study of the socially conditioned laws governing population.

p Dialectic., a theory and method of investigating phenomena in their development and self-motion; a science of the more general laws governing the development of nature, society, and thought.

p Driving forces of historical development, the social forces (popular masses, classes, parties) capable of carrying out tasks posed by history including the reasons impelling these forces to act such as, first and foremost, social requirements, interests, goals, and ideas.

p Ecolog., a science dealing with interrelations between livingorganisms,plants andanimals, and between groups of living organisms, on the one hand, and their environment, on the other.

p Epoc., a time-period in the development of 284 nature, society, science, etc., marked Indistinct characteristics.

p Ethics, a philosophical discipline dealing with morality.

p Exploitatio., appropriation by some of the products manufactured by others the immediate producers; is inherent in all antagonistic class societies.

p Freedom, social, human activity based upon knowledge and operation of objective laws of social development.

p The fundamental question of philosophy, the relation of thinking to being, consciousness to matter, the ideal to the material.

p Futurolo.)’, the totality of views on mankind’s development in the future; in the Marxist-Leninist doctrine, the idea of the future is part of the theory of socialism and communism; in bourgeois sociology, a specific science a "philosophy of the future" or a "study of the future" emerging from the idealist world outlook and Utopian ideas.

p Idealis., the general name for philosophical doctrines maintaining that spirit, consciousness, mental activity are primary, while matter-, nature, physical activity are secondarv and derivative.

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p Ideolog., a system of ideas and views of a certain class or social group.

p Individual consciousness, intellectual characteristics of personality.

p Intellectual life of society, a totality of all forms of intellectual activity including the activity of ideological institutions.

p Interest., a form of expression and awareness of people’s needs as manifested in their behaviour and activity to satisfy these needs.

p Internationalis., international solidarity of workers and Communists of all countries in their struggle for common goals, and their solidarity with peoples fighting for their national liberation and social progress, based on a strict observance of the principle of equality and independence of each of the peoples.

p Labou., a process in which man purposefully acts on nature using instruments of labour to create objects meeting his requirements.

p La., totality of rules (standards) of behaviour obligatory for all which are established or sanctioned by state authority.

p Legal consciousness, people’s ideas, views and sentiments of lawful and unlawful.

p Ma., the being produced by the highest stage 286 of animal evolution; the subject of socio-historical process and culture. Materialis., a philosophical trend maintaining that the world is material and objective, and exists externally and independently of human consciousness, that matter is primary, not created, and is eternal, that consciousness and thinking are a property of matter and that the world and its laws are cognizable.

p Materialism, economic, one-sided primitive understanding of the materialist idea of history; it holds that the economy is the sole dynamic factor and all other phenomena and processes occurring in society are the result of the activity of the productive forces and corresponding production relations; does not recognise the active role of the subjective factor and the reverse influence exerted by intellectual phenomena on social being.

p The mode of production of material benefits, a historically conditioned manner of producing material benefits, represents specific unity of the productive forces and production relations.

p Moral consciousness, awareness of the standards, .principles, and rules of behaviour determining men’s obligations and attitudes towards each other and towards society.

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p Moralit., a specific form of social consciousness; the type of social relations regulating man’s conduct in society.

p Natio., a historical community of people coming into being with the formation of common territory, economic life, literary language, cultural distinctions, and certain traits of national character; is distinguished from nationality by stable economic ties taking root in the epoch of capitalism.

p Nationalit., a historically formed community of people based on common language, territory, economy and culture; follows the tribal community and precedes nation.

p Natur., in a broader sense, the sum total of things, the world in the diversity of its manifestations; in a narrower sense, the sum total of biological conditions of the existence of human society.

p Necessity, historical, processes and phenomena conditioned by essential features and laws of society, i.e. by internal reasons.

p Objective historical conditions, those conditions of the life of society and historical development that are independent of the will of individuals, classes, or parties. Material, economic conditions- the level and character of the productive forces and corresponding production relations-are primary and 288 fundamental objective historical conditions.

p Opportunism in the workers’ movement, the theory and practice of reconciliation with the bourgeoisie, of making the workers’ movement serve the interests of the bourgeoisie and contribute to the preservation and strengthening of its positions.

p Outstanding figures, the most experienced and able members of the progressive classes; they lead the struggle waged in the interest of these classes and tangibly contribute to the carrying out of historical tasks of these classes.

p Personalit., a social being, a subject of cognition and purposeful change of the world.

p Philosoph., a form of social consciousness aimed at elaborating a system of ideas, a world outlook and a view of man’s place in it.

p Political consciousness, a system of ideas and views, sentiments, aims, and tasks manifested in the activity of classes and social groups.

p Political system, a system of governmental and non-governmental institutions exercising definite political functions; embraces the state, parties, trade unions, the church, and other bodies pursuing political aims.

p Politic., activity pertaining to the sphere of relations between classes, nations, and other 289 social groups which comprises seizure, retention, or use of state power, participation in government of the state, and the working out of the forms, tasks, and content of state power.

p Popular masses, the workers and other social groups capable of accomplishing progressive change in various spheres of the life of society by virtue of their objective status in society.

p Production relations, the totality of material, economic relations that are formed between people in the process of social production and the delivery of social product from producer to consumer.

p Productive forces, the totality of subjective (man) and material (means of production) elements manifesting the active relation of man to nature.

p Progress, social, a law-governed, onward movement of society from lower to higher stages and forms of the life of society, from" an obsolete to a new economic system.

p Proletaria., the working class under capitalism which is deprived of the means of production.

p Religio., a specific form of social consciousness consisting in distorted, fantastic reflection of 290 natural and social phenomena, namely in the belief that these phenomena are brought about by supernatural forces.

p Requirement, social, the relation of man as a member of society to the surrounding world which reflects his need in certain conditions of activity.

p Responsibility, historical, individuals’, classes’, and parties’ awareness of the negative consequences entailed in non-use of objectively conditioned possibilities of historical development.

p Revolutionary process, world, the unfolding process of transition from capitalism to socialism worldwide; emerges from numerous revolutionary movements; first and foremost, it is the building of socialism in the countries of triumphant proletarian revolutions, the communist and workers’ movement in the capitalist countries, and the national liberation revolutions.

p Scientific and technological revolution, radical qualitative change in the productive forces as science becomes a direct productive force.

p Social being, material interrelations between people and between people and nature that emerge with the emergence of human society.

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p Social consciousness, the intellectual plane of historical process;it is a reflection of social being manifested in different historically rooted forms.

p Social laws, objective, recurring, and essential links between phenomena of the life of society characterising the ongoing movement of society.

p Social psychology, views and notions directly reflecting in the minds of the people the conditions of their life and work.

p Social revolution, an objective law of transition from an obsolete to the new and progressive socio-economic system; a radical change in the system of social relations; it resolves urgent socio-political and socio-economic contradictions.

p Socialism, existing, the social system replacing capitalism, the lower phase of communism; has been accomplished in a number of countries in Europe, Asia, and Latin America as a result of people’s democratic or proletarian revolutions; is based upon social ownership of the means of production and a systematic comprehensive development of the economy; provides for a restructuring of all social relationships accomplished on a collectivist basis, a constant 292 increase in soeial wealth, and personal freedom.

p Socialism, theoretical, Marxist-Leninist theory of .socialism as the first stage of the communist formation.

p Socialist revolution, the highest type of social revolution, a law-governed transition of society to socialism; its inherent objective feature is class antagonism between the working class and other strata of the workers on the one hand, and the bourgeoisie, on the other.

p Societ., historically developing form of the existence of human beings as separated from nature.

p Socio-economic formation, a definite stage in the historical development of society; a specific historical type of society.

p Sociolog., a science dealing with society as an integral system and individual social institutions, processes, and social groups.

p Spontaneity, historical, processes and phenomena that are not controlled by man.

p Stat., the principal institution of the political system in class society exercising administration of society and safeguarding the economic and social system; in antagonistic 293 class society is run by the class which possesses economic power and employs it for suppressing its social antagonists.

p Subjective factor of history, totality of phenomena and human activity entirely derived from man’s will and consciousness: scientific know-’ ledge of social phenomena and various forms of conscious organisation and management of social process.

p Subjectivis., approach in cognition or practice ignoring the objective laws of" the surrounding world; its core is absolutisation of the role of the subject and subjective activity in the life of society; subjectivism in policies is manifested in arbitrariness (the will of the subject as set off against the objective conditions).

p Superstructur., a system of ideological relations and views (political, legal, etc.) and corresponding institutions (the state, political [parties, etc.).

p Tasks, historical, socio-historical actions to be carried out in the future by society, classes, and parties.

p Theor., a system of generalised ideas underlying a department of knowledge.

p Type of social progress, a totality of fundamental features pertaining to the progress of a socio-economic system.

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Wa., organised armed struggle between states (groups of states), classes, or nations ( peoples), a continuation of class policy by violent means.