Social Division of Labour, isolation of various types of work activity. There are two basic types of the division of labour: inside society, and inside an enterprise. Labour is divided inside society into general— according to the kinds of production ( industry, agriculture) and particular— where the kinds of production are divided into types and subtypes (extracting and processing industry, crop-growing and stock-breeding). There is also the territorial division of labour—according to territorial economic regions. The division of labour inside an enterprise is called individual. The growth of society’s productive forces conditions the social division of labour. In its turn, the social division of labour is a factor in the development of the productive forces, since it helps workers to obtain production experience and skills, to raise their qualification and expand their knowledge, and facilitates the development of the implements of labour. Progress in the social division of labour characterises the level of development of society’s productive forces. Historically there have been three extensive social divisions of labour— separation of cattle-farming tribes, the separation of the crafts from agriculture, isolation of trade—which helped to increase labour productivity and created the material prerequisites for regular exchange, the appearance of private property, and the division of society into classes. The social division of labour in presocialist formations led to the separation of the town from the countryside, and to the appearance of contradictions between them and also to the antithesis between mental and physical labour. Because of the development of machine production under capitalism (see Machine Production under Capitalism) the social division of labour deepens and industry is completely separated from agriculture. Capitalist relations of production have exceptionally intensified the antagonistic character of the division of labour inherent in exploiting formations. All these processes take place spontaneously, and irregularly amidst ferocious competition, and lead to disproportions and the squandering of social labour. The capitalist division of labour produces the so-called “partial”, lopsided development of the worker. Socialism creates a fundamentally new system of the 326 social division of labour without any of the restrictions inherent in capitalism. It develops in a planned way, and is subordinated to the objective of making production more effective. Under socialism, the difference between urban and rural life, as well as the difference between mental and physical labour, are eliminated. Relations between workers of socialist enterprises are those of comradely cooperation and mutual assistance. The development of technology under socialism is associated with the elimination of the division of labour between the workers of different enterprises which evolved in capitalist machine production and which enslaves them. Socialism is faced with the task of replacing "the detail-worker..., crippled by life-long repetition of one and the same trivial operation, and thus reduced to the mere fragment of a man, by the fully developed individual... to whom the different social functions he performs are but so many modes of giving free scope to his own natural and acquired powers" (K. Marx, Capital, Vol. I, p. 458). The fact that socialism has become a world system has determined the appearance of economic relations of a new type between states—the international socialist division of labour (see Division of Labour, Socialist International) differing in principle from the international capitalist division of labour (see Division of Labour, Capitalist International).