Productive and Non-Productive Labour under Socialism, two forms of planned and socially useful work in socialist society differing in their concrete results. Productive labour produces material wealth, the aggregate social product and national income on the scale of society as a whole. This is the labour of workers in the production sphere. Productive labour creates both the necessary and surplus product. Non-productive labour results in the creation of non- material benefits which satisfy the social requirements of health protection, education and culture, and the organisation of the management of social affairs. Productive labour is the source of maintaining those people engaged in non-productive work. But this does not mean that non- productive work can be regarded as secondary in importance. It creates the conditions for increasing the scale of productive labour and helps augment the efficiency of social production. It is highly instrumental in ensuring the all-round development of society members. Under socialism, all types of labour activity, meeting both the material and spiritual requirements of society, are necessary and socially useful. Productive and non-productive labour under socialism differs in principle from the corresponding categories under capitalism. Capitalism subordinates social production to the extraction of surplus value, and for this reason any labour that serves to obtain surplus value appears as productive labour, regardless of the sphere in which its results are embodied. Under socialism, the 290 division of labour into productive and nonproductive is determined by the objective of the communist mode of production, i. e., the increasingly fuller satisfaction of society’s material and spiritual requirements. It plays an important role in determining the best possible ratio between the requirements of society for various benefits and sources that satisfy them. These sources are associated principally with the division of social production into material and non-material. It should also be noted at the same time that there is no complete identity between the corresponding sphere of social production and form of labour. Productive labour can also be said to exist to some extent in the non-production sphere (manufacturing of the machines and instruments in scientific institutions and medical equipment in public health establishments), and non-productive labour in material production (accounting personnel, public and everyday services provided to the people working at enterprises and associations, etc.). Under developed socialism, productive labour plays a growing role as the source of public wealth that ensures the well-being’ and all-round development of all members of society. The non-production sphere is also expanding, as conditions are being created for the fuller satisfaction of the people’s cultural requirements, and as the number of workers engaged in public health, education, the services, etc. grows. At the same time there is an objective need for expanding the sphere of non-material production. The more fully material requirements are met, the broader and more varied the nonmaterial and especially cultural requirements become. The proportion of workers in non-material production is growing. Here, as well as in material production, improving the quality of work alongside the, increase in the number of those employed is of great importance.