Patriarchal Economy, primitive land cultivation or nomadic stockbreeding. It emerged in the period of the primitive communal system as a typical form of social economy based on the historically earliest form of ownership of the means of production—collective ownership—in its tribal (communal) form. With the disintegration of the primitive-communal system and the emergence of subsequent socio-economic formations patriarchal economy appears as a socio-economic structure (see Structure, Economic) founded on the small private property of patriarchal families which broke away in the process of production from other families of the tribal and later neighbours’ (territorial) peasant community. Patriarchal economy does not involve exploitation of man by man, as relations within this economy involved in the production, distribution and consumption of products are regulated by family-tribal ties and depend on the division of labour by age and sex. Patriarchal economy involves poorly developed productive forces and obsolete techniques, and is fully or for the most part natural (subsistence) in character. The patriarchal economy of peasant (neighbours’) communities and individual families was fairly widespread in the early period of feudalism in Western Europe. The private ownership and natural (subsistence) character of the family patriarchal economy led to the appearance of private peasant ownership of land and later to serfdom. In the early period of feudalism, it was also spread in ancient Rus, in particular in Kiev Rus during the 9 th12th centuries. Patriarchal economy existed under capitalism in many colonial and dependent countries. Today, it still exists in the economically backward regions of Africa, Asia, Latin America and Australia, and on some Pacific islands. Patriarchal economy remains as a structure during the first stage of the period of transition from capitalism to socialism in those countries where a socialist revolution has occurred and where backward socio-economic forms of production, typified by small-scale subsistence economy, are partially retained. In the USSR, the patriarchal structure remained in the first years after the October Socialist Revolution as private hunters’ or nomadic stockbreeders’ economies, because of the economic backwardness of some of the national and outlying regions of prerevolutionary Russia. In 1923-1924 patriarchal economy accounted for 0.5 per cent of the gross product in the USSR, and was soon fully collectivised. The patriarchal structure, represented by nomadic arat economies, also prevailed in the Mongolian People’s Republic in the initial stages of its transition to socialism.