Out-of-Work Time, part of the day’s time at the disposal of the working people minus working hours, i. e., the period of time in which they are not directly involved in their work. During this period the worker satisfies his natural needs, cultural and spiritual requirements, fulfils various public duties, etc. Non-working time can be divided into: a) the time connected with work in production (travel to the place of work and back, the time spent before and after work for changing clothes, washing up, etc.); b) the time spent on domestic chores and seeing to personal needs (buying various items and food, cooking, tidying up and cleaning the home, looking after the children, etc.); c) the time spent to satisfy one’s natural physiological needs (sleep, personal hygiene, etc.); d) free time (see Spare Time Under Socialism). Thus, non-working time is needed to establish the conditions necessary to realise the processes involved in reproducing labour power, and under socialism, in ensuring the harmonious, all-round development of man. The nature of non-working time is determined by the character of the relations of production. At the same time its length and structure also hinge on many other factors: natural and climatic conditions, age, profession or trade, the educational and cultural level of the workers, the size of the family, historically formed features and customs, etc. In their bid for higher profits, the capitalists do all they can to prolong working hours (see Working Day) and reduce non-working time to the minimum. Therefore, under capitalism non-working time and its length are an issue over which sharp class battles are being fought. Socialist relations of production create conditions needed for the increase, rational utilisation and constant improvement of the structure of non-working time. The high growth rates typical of socialist production and its effectiveness make it possible to reduce working hours according to plan, and to correspondingly increase the working people’s nonworking time. The annual amount of working people’s non-working time also increases because of longer paid leaves. Developed socialist society ensures the most rational utilisation of non-working time, creates the conditions necessary to reduce expenditures involved in doing domestic chores and seeing to other personal matters, and this, in turn, gives the working people more free time. The implementation of the broad programme of social measures, housing construction, development of retail trade and the services, and improvement of the living conditions enables people to economise on the time at their disposal, to ease domestic chores and extend the free time available to working people.