Concrete Labour, labour spent in a certain useful form, which produces the use value of a commodity. Different kinds of concrete labour vary with the means of production used (implements and objects of labour), with the character of the labour operations, and with the purposes and results. Concrete labour exists in all modes of production. "So far therefore as labour is a creator of use-value, is useful labour, it is a necessary condition, independent of all forms of society, for the existence of the human race; it is an eternal nature-imposed necessity, without which there can be no material exchanges between man and Nature, and therefore no life" (Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. I, p. 50). The development of the social division of labour results in the alienation of increasingly new and qualitatively different kinds of labour creating qualitatively different use values. In cpmmodity production, concrete labour forms a dialectical unity with abstract labour. In a commodity economy based on private property, concrete labour is private labour, its social character being reflected through abstract labour. Therefore, the contradiction between concrete and abstract labour reflects the antagonistic contradiction between private and social labour (see Direct Social Production), which under capitalism is translated into the contradiction between the social character of production and private capitalist appropriation (see Basic Contradiction of Capitalism). In socialist society, concrete labour is not private labour, as no private labour exists under the dominance of social property. Because of the existence of commoditymoney relations in socialist society, society’s need for concrete labour is reaffirmed not only directly, in the process of the production of material goods, but also during the planned realisation of output. The contradictions between concrete and abstract labour under socialism are non-antagonistic and are a particular feature of directly social labour; society resolves these contradictions in a planned way, by developing socialist production and improving the system of commodity realisation.