Communist Labour, the labour of free and fully conscious workers, scientifically organised and equipped with the most advanced technical facilities, and ensuring the highest productivity; labour as the prime inner need of man. Lenin wrote that "communist labour in the narrower and stricter sense of the term is labour performed gratis for the benefit of society ... voluntary labour, irrespective of quotas ... labour performed ... without reward as a condition, labour performed because it has become a habit to work for the common good, and because of a conscious realisation (that has become a habit) of the necessity of working for the common good—labour as the requirement of a healthy organism" (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 30, p. 517). In the highest stage of communist formation, under full communism the directly social character of labour will reach its highest level of maturity. The socio-economic differences between those engaged in mental and physical labour will completely disappear, as will the need for material incentives. In communist society, labour will be characterised by creative endeavour, attractiveness, and the free self- expression of the individual’s intellect. Communist labour reveals people’s abilities and talents most completely, and produces the material and organisational conditions ensuring high labour productivity and 55 abundant material and cultural wealth in accordance with the reasonable needs of comprehensively developed workers. The emergence of communist labour is based on the comprehensive development of the features inherent in socialist labour and is reflected, in particular, in the 1977 Constitution of the USSR. Whereas the 1936 Constitution of the USSR proclaimed the right to work, this right has now been supplemented by the right to a choice of profession, occupation and work in accordance with one’s vocation, abilities, professional training and education, with consideration also of society’s needs. The transition to communist labour presupposes that several vital problems have been solved, including the elimination of socioeconomic differences between physical and mental labour, between urban and rural life, higher cultural, technical and ideological standards enjoyed by the working people; and the gradual transformation of labour into the prime inner need of all. This is to be achieved through the creation of the material and technical base of communism, the formation of communist relations of production, and the education of the members of society in the spirit of communism. To create the material base for bringing physical and mental labour together, it is necessary to introduce into production the latest achievements of scientific and technical progress that will lead to the elimination of arduous and relatively unproductive labour, and enrich work with new creativity. Comprehensively mechanised and automated production requires that the worker be familiar with the scientific foundations of machinery, technology, economics and the organisation of production, and be able to apply all this knowledge so that his labour is highly productive and effective and of high quality. With the complex mechanisation and automation of production, man’s role will increasingly amount to the operation and adjustment of complicated machines and instruments, the compilation of technological programmes and processes, improving production organisation and technology—i. e., to the functions of control and management. Production of this kind demands a new type of worker, who harmoniously combines physical and mental labour and who is able to help improve machinery and technology, as well as to continue accumulating knowledge and experience in his chosen field. In communist society, where the abilities of everyone will be employed to benefit society to the greatest possible extent, labour will become not only the means of earning one’s livelihood, but a natural manifestation of the functions of a healthy organism. In this process, an important role is played by moral labour incentives (see Material and Moral Incentives) and the strengthening of communist consciousness and labour discipline. The new, communist attitude towards labour is formed already in the first stage of communism, in the socialist stage, and is manifested in mass socialist emulation, which acquires increasingly varied forms, in the movement for a communist attitude to labour, in the extensive development of inventors’ and innovators’ activities, etc. The stage in which socialism develops on its own base—the stage of mature, developed socialist society— makes it possible to employ all the advantages of socialist labour, and to create the conditions for its evolution into communist labour. We can see the realisation of what was foreseen by the founding fathers of Marxism-Leninism: that the changes in all facets of social life will be accompanied by the "organisation of production in which, on the one hand, no individual can throw on the shoulders of others his share in productive labour, this natural condition of human existence; and in which, on the other hand, productive labour, instead of being a means of subjugating men, will become a means of their emancipation, by offering each individual the opportunity to develop all his faculties, physical and mental, in all directions and exercise them to the full— in which, therefore, productive labour will become a pleasure instead of being a burden" (F. Engels, Anti-Duhring, p. 357).