Collective Farm-and-Cooperative Property, a form of social property under socialism. The Constitution of the USSR proclaims that the collective farm- andcooperative form of property, alongside that of all the people, is the basis of the Soviet economic system. Cooperative property is the foundation of collective agricultural enterprises—collective farms. Cooperative property under socialism emerges on the basis of the voluntary alliance of peasants in productive cooperatives and develops under the guiding impact of state socialist property (belonging to all the people). Collective farm-and-cooperative property is of the same socio-economic nature as state property; both reflect the social character of the production and appropriation of material wealth, and the relations of comradely cooperation and mutual assistance of the working people. The differences between them are those between the two forms of socialist property determined primarily by the level of socialisation. Collective farm-and-cooperative property includes the means of production and other property necessary for a farm to implement its purposes as stipulated in the Rules, as well as the produce obtained. The land occupied by collective farms is allotted to them free of charge and for permanent use. The production development and labour remuneration funds of each collective farm are formed from its profits. With the development of collective-farm production, its level of socialisation increases, and cooperative property becomes increasingly close to the property belonging to all the people. The main trend in the development of collective farm-and-cooperative property is the use of possibilities offered by collective farms as socialist enterprises. It is furthered by the measures aimed at developing the collective farms’ productive forces and improving their economic mechanism, as envisaged by the decisions taken by the 23rd-26th CPSU Congresses and by plenary meetings of the CPSU Central Committee. The system of planning, material and technical services, remuneration for labour and social security on the collective farms becomes much like the conditions prevailing at state farms. The Food Programme worked out by the CPSU has mapped out a comprehensive system of measures to further strengthen the collective-farm system, improve the material and technical base of the collective farms, and attain better social and living conditions for collective farmers. The process by which the material and technical, economic and social conditions of collective and state farms are becoming increasingly alike is being accelerated by specialisation and concentration of production on the basis of inter-farm cooperation (see Inter-Farm Enterprises, Associations and Organisations in the USSR) and by agro-industrial integration (see Integration, Agro-Industrial, under Socialism). The Constitution of the USSR proclaims that the state promotes the development of collective-farm property and its drawing together with the property belonging to all the people. The 48 experience of the countries of the socialist community has proved the viability of Lenin’s cooperative plan. In all the socialist countries, cooperative property plays an important role in the establishment and development of socialism, and in building communism.