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p Western radio stations play a specific role in-the secret operations carried out by NATO’s special services against socialist countries. Recent history has proved this more than once, relevant examples ranging from the instigative propaganda campaign during the counter-revolutionary events in Hungary in 1956 and the extensive brainwashing of the population during the so-called "Prague spring" to the present-day interference by radio in Poland’s affairs and the establishment of Radio Marti in order to instigate antigovernment activities in Cuba. The subversive activity of Western radio stations is intensified during social complications in one or another non-capitalist country, but this does not mean that secret operations are conducted by radio only during such periods. All radio broadcasting to other countries is intended to cause all kinds of complications in Eastern Europe, promote the aggravation of the political conditions within those countries and bring them to a crisis point.

p “Special activities," says the new CIA manual approved by President Reagan in 1983, "means activities conducted in support of national foreign policy objectives abroad which are planned and executed so that the role of the United States Government is not apparent or acknowledged publicly..."¹ This is what intelligence services refer to as covert use of force and persuasion to attain certain political and economic ends, 74 i.e., secret activity for the purpose of influencing foreign governments, events, organizations or persons to gain support for US foreign policy. It includes political and propaganda programmes designed to exert influence upon, or give support to, foreign political parties, groups and political or military leaders; programmes for economic actions; paramilitary operations, and certain counter-insurgency programmes. "Covert or special activities" also mean the use by Western intelligence of specially collected information in order to penetrate and manipulate government bodies in a given East European country (as well as in states which are friendly or allied with it) by means of armed force and political parties, special services, trade unions, youth and student organizations, cultural and professional societies and certainly by the mass media, including radio and television.

p The arsenal of subversive propaganda includes radio broadcasts, anonymous publications, the concoction of falsehoods and subsidizing publishing agencies, slanderous allegations by displaced persons or defectors, the launching of air balloons and use of other means of delivering "illegal literature”.

p In accusing the East European countries of what is in fact the desired objective of the imperialist camp—attainment of world domination at any cost and by any means—the external political propaganda machine of the West justifies its own military preparations, the barbarous actions taken against Grenada and Nicaragua and its interference in the internal affairs of the socialist states, particularly through external radio broadcasting. The West has employed these tactics when it fomented counter-revolutionary activities in Hungary in 1956, when it launched a massive ideological offensive against Czechoslovakia in the spring of 1968, and when (as is now the case) provoking anti-government actions in Poland.

p A person with some degree of familiarity with international politics finds nothing surprising in the views of Walter Steigner, former director of the Deutsche Welle station, who was for ever instructing his staff that they should implant their ideas with all the means available, neglecting neither cunning psychological devices nor friendliness and sympathy for those they actually hate. These instructions came from a man who had begun his career in the propaganda section of the Hitlerjugend organization, who continued it in propaganda company No. 501 which acted under orders of the 75 Gobbels department and was attached to the Wehrmacht’s 18th Army which had displayed great viciousness in suppressing the civilian population in the Pskov Region of the Soviet Union.

p Another authority, an all-American figure. General William 76 Donovan nicknamed "Wild Bill Donovan", head of the Office of Strategic Services which was succeeded by the CIA, once stated quite frankly that external propaganda is a skilfully prepared mixture of rumours and deceit where truth is only the bait, all being used to undermine unity and sow confusion. According to Donovan, propaganda is essentially the spearhead of initial penetration, preparation of the population of a territory chosen for invasion. This first step is followed by’the activities of the "fifth column", then come the “rangers”, or “commandos”, to be finally followed by divisions of invading troops.

p This scenario was precisely followed during the 1956 events in Hungary. Extensive subversive broadcasting to Hungary by officially recognized stations was supported by underground stations abroad sowing confusion and inciting rebellion; gangs of nationalist thugs were secretly landed in the country, the "fifth column" went on a rampage, then came killings, resistance to, and various actions against, government authorities. These actions were encouraged from abroad.

p For example, Radio Free Europe formed special propaganda teams provided with mobile radio stations to be sent to the Hungarian People’s Republic, some of which were landed in Hungary in the autumn of 1 956. Radio Free Europe also launched a vigorous propaganda campaign to incite an armed uprising.

p Few people know that the hands of the former director of Radio Liberty, George Bailey, an American of Hungarian extraction, are stained with people’s blood, including that of Hungarians. Bailey arrived in Hungary when the counterrevolution was at its height with a "Red Cross" train from Austria, which carried, instead of medical supplies, weapons and radio transmitters for the counter-revolutionaries. In the city of Mosonmagyarovar he joined the gangs of the so-called "Blue Division" which has launched acts of terror against the representatives of the legitimate government and fought against the Soviet military units stationed in the country. On one occasion the “blue” cutthroats captured a Junior Sergeant of the Soviet Army. He was Albert Vazoryan, an Armenian. George Bailey, who knew Russian, offered to interrogate the wounded prisoner.

p The results of the interrogation shocked the representatives of the Hungarian revolutionary forces when they found Vazoryan’s body several days later. The 20-year-old youth had been subjected to savage torture: his eyes had been gouged 77 out, his ears removed and his tongue cut out, and on his back the brutal captors cut out a five-pointed star after the fashion of Nazi butchers.

p The counter-revolutionary uprising was put down by the joint actions of the Hungarian revolutionary forces and Soviet 78 Army units. Bailey, who fled to Austria before the uprising ended, is now endeavouring to sell the values of "American democracy" to other peoples.

p Scenarios similar to the recipes prescribed by "Wild Bill" can also be found in the American instructions to RFE/RL on launching a propaganda campaign which led to the events of 1968 in Czechoslovakia. The document "Radio Free Europe Objectives" marked "Strictly Confidential" is dated September 1963. Later on, the Polish-language magazine Kultura which is published in Paris had good reason to call that year "an introduction to the Prague spring of 1968" in its interview with JiFi Pelikan, former Director-General of Czechoslovak television. A comparison of RFE’s objectives laid down by the CIA with Ivan Svitak’s philosophy, the economic “ experiments” of Ota Sik, the "new model of socialism" and finally with the activity of Pelikan himself clearly shows who inspired the reaction in Czechoslovakia.

p An abridged text of the document "Radio Free Europe Objectives" is given below.

p Strictly Confidential

p INTRODUCTION

p The basic premise which underlies Free Europe Committee policy is ... the achievement of freedom in Eastern Europe....

p By expanding the present limits of internal autonomy, the changes in prospect can certainly retard and potentially reverse the communist programmes drafted for the ’building of socialism’.

p This view of a general trend in the satellite area and of the hope which it represents for the future is based on the following theses:...

p While the formal bases of communist rule remain untouched, qualitative changes in methods of communist rule, of the kind which have been taking place, permit dissident groups to gain bargaining strength and dilute the authority of the party’s central organs....

p In the light of official Western policy, the most realistic objectives and the most aggressive lines which Free Europe Committee can pursue in the struggle for the freedom and selfdetermination of the East European peoples are those prescribed herein....

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p I. TARGET AREA

p A. Diffusion of Power; Party Factionalism, Objectives

p 1. Fortify in all audiences a sense of national identity and purpose, stimulating thereby pressures toward national independence and government with the consent of the governed.

p 2. Exacerbate factionalism within the ruling parties; whenever feasible, weaken the forces of dogmatism and strengthen revisionist elements.

p 3. Promote the diffusion of power away from the central party apparatus (and, where appropriate, the security police) to centres where revisionist and non-communist dissidents are present...

p Assumptions

p 1. Factionalism divides the ruling party; diffusion of power multiplies the centres of decision-making. The resultant weakness at the top inspires confidence in elites and the people at large that pressures for reform can be successful.

p 2. The existence of factions presents elites and the people with possibilities of choice between alternatives in leadership and policies and thus undermines authoritarianism.

p 3. In the absence of energetic Western government policies with respect to East Europe, and pending more radical changes internally, revisionist factions represent significant instruments (whether conscious or unconscious) to be influenced to contribute to the realization of interim Western aims.

p B. National Economies; COMECON Objectives

p 1. Encourage the formulation of economic pojicies based on true national needs and the people’s material well-being rather than on party dogma and political factors involved in the idea of a "socialist camp"....

p 3. Stimulate pressures against the use of national resources and personnel in the interest of Soviet ambitions, either through COMECON or by uneconomic exports to the newly 80 independent countries, with resultant deprivation to the workers who produce this wealth.

p 4. Encourage popular and elite pressure behind the trends toward expansion of trade and technological relations with the West.

p 5. Inhibit progress in the development of COMECON by: a. Fostering the conviction that it is an involuntary association that includes regimes of varying instability (e.g., the GDR) and is unlikely to be either efficacious or enduring.^^2^^

p The style and vocabulary of the instructions are characteristically forceful and abound in such imperatives as “fortify”, “exacerbate”, “stimulate”, “inhibit”, “encourage”, etc., as if they concerned not sovereign nations and states but a new American state or a trust territory. Such is this programme of interference in the internal affairs of socialist countries which, among other things, led to the crisis developments in Czechoslovakia in 1968. As the events drew nearer the directives of the US Administration grew more demanding and all the links of the state apparatus of the United States and its allies became increasingly involved in destabilizing the situation in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.

p The radio aggression launched at the time against the people of Czechoslovakia was a dismal failure, but have the appropriate conclusions been drawn from events in Czechoslovakia in Washington, London, Munich or Cologne? Has the radio warfare against Eastern Europe ceased? The available documents testify that the West has not given up the idea of destabilizing the socialist system of government, including that in Czechoslovakia, by means of radio broadcasting. An example can be found in the minutes of a meeting held at the Czechoslovak service of Radio Free Europe on January 14,1972.^^3^^

p The first item in the list of charges that could be preferred in an “indictment” against the United States for the instigation of the "Polish events" is a secret document of the US Information Agency (then International Communication Agency), entitled "Country Plan Proposal—Poland", which contained a programme of subversive activities against Poland for 1979-1980. The plan was made public in two articles printed by the Austrian newspaper Volksstimme in October 1982. Though the document was drawn up under the Carter Administration, it was the Reagan team which took it over and began enthusiastically to implement. A summary of the Volksstimme
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p CZECHOSLOVAK BROAPCAST ANALYSIS KEETtKC OF 11 JWPAjtlf 187?

p Present: Messrs Sellus, Cook, Pean* Slbot, Kohak, PcchaceK, Reed, Walter

p Topic:

p Czechoslovak BD’s approach to the pre-

p election campaign and "to post-election developments  

p Reporting; Hugh &_t Elbot, Broadcast Analyst

p Mr. Elbot stated that he would not describe what BO said in individual programs, nor would he present any quantitative statistics to avoid duplication of written reports. He would outline jaajor trends, themes, and audiences approached and, since the purpose of broadcast analysis meetings is to improve; programs, he would also outline possible shortcomings and omissions as seen from a point of view that is necessarily -. subjective in the absence of any specific guidance and instructions on the subject.

p Mr. Elbot said that BD began watching the domestic election campaign systematically in early October with emphasis on the history of elections in the interwar CSR and in the postwar period up to the 196** elections. BD correctly pointed out that the present election slogan "Let us work for future happiness" seems to be the same as in ISC’* and noted the -identity of Kusak’s and Hcvotny’s election pledges for the future. It also noted that the eoiraiunist IS’iB elections had conceded the existence of 1,500,000 dissenters.

p Hr. Elbot mentioned two other major themes used in the preelection period: "Why hold elections at all, since the whole thiftg has been fixed in accordance with Moscow’s wishes?" and "All this propaganda is designed to combat the voters’ apathy," which was occasionally presented in satirical forst. Programs in October were addressed to general audiences i except for^^1^^ a few programs addressed to youth where the regime’s “concessions” to youth were exposed for what they were worth,

p Hr. Elbot suggested that pre-WWII and post WWII CS elections wight have been desribed in interview form by those who were there, since eyewitness descriptions of genuine elections wight serve as an “cye-opener”-^especially -or youth. Mr. Elbot also regretted’that the Dutch, Danish and’Sresers elections wex*e not used to describe in interview for,?, the mechanics of free elections unknown to a major part of the CS electorate.

STWCTLY.CONFMHNTIAL

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articles which follows gives one a comprehensive idea of what that instructive document contained.

p It was a secret USIA circular, dated 1979, which contained the "Country Plan Proposal—Poland", a programme of ideological subversion against that particular country for the 1979/80 fiscal year. Along with general philosophizing about the situation in Poland, it contained lists of institutions and individuals that should be “thanked”, i.e., given sums of money. In some cases the amount of “gratitude” expressed in dollars is specified. For instance:

p 2,750 dollars for B.G., deputy mayor of the city of K.;

p 2,750 dollars for J.S., mayor of the city of S.;

p 2,750 dollars for B.S., information department of the PUWP Central Committee. (The document mentions full names, of course.)

p The amounts are more substantial in the case of such institutions as Pittsburg State University—for an exchange programme with Cracow’s Academy of Economics (15,000 dollars), or John Hopkins University—for an exchange programme with Cracow’s Jagiellonian University (8,000 dollars).

p Chapter 3 of the document points out what needs to be done to wrest Poland from the socialist camp and ensure its “independent” position. It is also pointed out that the accords reached in Helsinki created favourable conditions for launching an offensive...

p One section of the document says, in particular:

p “Let us consider the possibility of inviting a group of Polish journalists to Brussels, Paris, maybe even Naples to provide them with information about the European Economic Community, possibly even about NATO. We would like this matter to be discussed with colleagues from the embassies of NATO countries. It could probably be possible to collaborate with one or another embassy for purposes of implementing the project without the direct participation of the embassies as such...”

p The intention was, of course, to tear Poland away from the socialist camp and destroy its socialist system of government. The circular sets out in detail the positive and negative points to be taken into account by the United States.

p The list of advantages includes:

p “intense Polish nationalism";

p “historically evolved Western orientation, including the important role of the Catholic Church;

p “historical links with the USA reflected above all in the existence of a large Polish community in the United States.”

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p The disadvantages for the United States include:

p “the fact that Poland is tied to the USSR and other communist states through the Warsaw Treaty and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance";

p “even more confirmed opponents of the regime admit that no alternative to communism can be found so long as the USSR maintains its present might...”

p Then the general policy of conducting subversive activity is expounded. Contacts should be strengthened at all levels in cultural life, through universities, "independent intellectuals", the mass media, etc. The following advice is given with regard to international politics: "Let us encourage Poles to get acquainted with the American forms of economic policy" and "let us encourage the Polish leaders to find a moderate and reasonable form of practices deviating from the dogmas..." And finally, one more good piece of advice: "Let us help internal liberalization ... and the growth of pluralism.”

p As we know, the counter-revolution which dared to fight in the open was defeated. But we still remember the photographs of "Christian trade-unionists" who brought to “Solidarity” large parcels with cash. We remember the AFL-CIO leaders who were jubilantly welcomed in Gdansk and who showed concern for everything, from rotary presses, newsprint and clandestine radio transmitters to the exact sum in dollars to be passed on to voluntary agents of “Solidarity”. But the working people of Poland understood that the policy of strikes and confrontations led nowhere, least of all to a higher standard of living.^^4^^

p As prescribed by the "Plan Proposal", foreign currency was handed over to “Solidarity” activists during their visits abroad and also through couriers. For example. Lech Walesa received 120,000 dollars from a Paris representative of the AFL-CIO during his trip to France. Another “Solidarity” leader, Zbigniew Bujak, received 20,000 marks in Federal Germany in addition to other donations in cash. A Swiss trade-union centre handed over to the “Solidarity” leadership 120,000 marks, while 50,000 kronen was received from Denmark. The US tradeunion association AFL-CIO, which is known to the whole world for its active auxiliary services to the CIA (some Western politicians have even suggested that the second part of the acronym—CIO—be replaced with the more fitting “CIA” because of these activities), passed to “Solidarity” as a gift 25,000 dollars back in 1980 and subsequently transferred to “Solidarity” the following sums: 125,000 dollars, 25,000 dollars, 50,000 and 140,000 dollars; it also 84 collected for “Solidarity” a further three million dollars.

p The scope of the material aid given to “Solidarity” by the West in the form of illegal deliveries of printing, copying and other office equipment is known only in general outline. But it is a proven fact that “Solidarity” received in this way, among other things, 104 duplicators, 22 photostat units, 12 offset presses, 17 Xerox machines, 57 typewriters, various printing, xerographic and photographic materials, and five motor vehicles. Ready for shipment from Britain were nine printing presses complete with spare parts, weighing nine tons. An agreement was signed in November 1981 with the West German trade-union centre Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund on the construction of "Solidarity‘s” own radio station and television centre. This West German trade-union centre also offered technical assistance and gave 100,000 marks for the needs of the Polish trade-union association.^^5^^

p “Solidarity" members currently abroad continue their traditional cooperation with the Paris-based magazine Kultura as well as with the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe and take part in various subversive propaganda activities. Jerzy Giedroyc, the head of Kultura, has spoken with remarkable frankness about the aims of the political opposition in organizing such activities. It is necessary, in his view, to prevent at any cost the improvement of the economic situation in Poland in order that "the hungry public" should fight the government with greater determination. An inveterate enemy of People’s Poland, who was showered with gratitude in 1981 for his activity by the managing board of “Mazowsze”, one of "Solidarity‘s” regional branches, Giedroyc is clamouring for the organizing of a movement of armed resistance in Poland and for "starting a civil war in Poland which would set off a third world war at US initiative". He insists that "the only way out is a bloody massacre of the communists”.

p Other charges that could be preferred in the “indictment” against US interference in Poland’s internal affairs are the facts supplied by competent Polish agencies about the subversive secret activities of the CIA and NATO’s special services on the country’s territory. The activities of the internal and external enemies of People’s Poland are known to be closely linked. The internal opposition would have ceased to exist by now without the West’s aid and support. The activity of the Western special services which is unprecedented in scope and that of the semi-legal and illegal opposition, and later of underground elements within the country, have always had many points of contact and been obviously coordinated.

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p The NATO intelligence services study and instruct the Polish underground elements, help them get financial and technical aid from the West and establish contacts with subversive radio stations, in particular with Radio Free Europe, as well as with the Paris-based Kultura magazine and other organs of the press in the West, and with other centres of ideological sabotage, and arrange the illegal shipment of subversive publications to Poland. The intelligence services often use as go-betweens scientific and cultural institutions in the West as well as genuine and non-existent trade-union centres. An intelligence station may be concealed behind an innocent-looking or very respectable front of a foundation or organization.

p Here are some examples. In March 1981 the Polish counter-intelligence service apprehended Ms. Leslie Sternberg, a third secretary of the US Embassy in Warsaw. She had in her car materials belonging to the illegal Confederation of Independent Poland (CIP), some of which were typed on the official stationery of the US Embassy. Michael Anderson, a second secretary at the Embassy, was apprehended while receiving from a functionary of the Committee for Defence of Workers (CDW) documents compromising Poland and addressed to the Madrid Meeting. Also detained were second secretary Peter Berg who engaged in military espionage, particularly in gathering information about the air defence of the Polish People’s Republic, and John Zerolis and James Howard, who tried to obtain documents containing Polish state secrets.

p Within the first six months of 1981 alone Poland was visited by 220,442 foreigners from Western countries, including almost a thousand journalists. Many so-called “tourists” have tried their hand at spying. There was nearly a hundred such "amateur operators" among the journalists. A certain M. P. Wejsz, who posed as a businessman in Poland, visited various central and local commercial organizations. He established a wide range of contacts and managed to get access to important documents. Wejsz’s “inquisitiveness” was stopped in time. The captains of Western merchant ships R. Albrecht, E. Wensel and J. Wagener also carried out spying missions.

p On November 4,1981, Leonard Baldyga, chief of the USIA Eastern Europe department and a CIA officer, flew to Warsaw on a special mission. He had worked twice before in Poland as a US representative when he came into close contact with scientists and showed particular interest in journalists and 86 cultural workers, establishing numerous sources of information. The fact that several Warsaw journalists and workers in culture were invited to the reception arranged by the US Embassy on his third arrival showed that Baldyga was again up to something. It can be easily guessed that the purpose of the visit was to encourage the opponents of socialism, and both to instigate and direct the opposition and the so-called underground “Solidarity”.

p The introduction of martial law on December 13, 1981, marked a major change in the position and role of the Western radio stations by considerably limiting the opportunities for other kinds of propaganda interference from abroad. The new measure closed the channels of supply of hostile literature and material aid from the West and restricted personal contacts which had played an important part in coordinating propaganda activities between the anti-communist centres in the West and their partners inside the country. Radio propaganda remained in fact the only means of ideological penetration that continued to function despite the barriers imposed by martial law.

p It has already been noted that four radio stations specialize in propaganda against Poland: the American RFE (whose Polish language service has a staff of 75 people), the British Broadcasting Corporation (with 70 staff members in the Polish section), the West German Deutschlandfunk which broadcasts a short programme in Polish, and the Voice of America (which had 17 members on the staff of its Polish service in 1981 and more than 30 in 1982). These stations, especially RFE and the Voice of America, sought to establish cooperation with the leaders of the CPS-CDW (the Committee for Public SelfDefence and the Committee for Defence of Workers) and of the CIP (Confederation of Independent Poland) and with “Solidarity” when that trade-union association appeared on the scene. As a result, the radio stations had access to the information they needed and could also coordinate their propaganda activities with the activities of the anti-socialist forces in Poland. Many functionaries of “Solidarity” and of the CPS-CDW and CIP were in direct contact with RFE officials.

p For example, Jan Rulewski, who made a stopover in London on his way from Japan, took part not only in meetings with British MPs but also in talks with RFE representatives, in particular, with T. Podgorski and K. Robak. Anna Kowalska, a member of the CPS-CDW, met representatives of the BBC’s Polish language service to discuss the possibility of the BBC’s broadcasting propaganda at the same time as similar actions 87 were being taken by “Solidarity”. In August 1981 Wieslaw Kecik, a representative of “Solidarity” and also a member of the CPS-CDW leadership, visited RFE where he had an important meeting with the radio station’s directors and chosen representatives of its Polish language service. On behalf of “Solidarity” Kecik submitted for discussion the following points: improvement in the exchange of information between the "trade-union association" and RFE (“Solidarity” members who went on business trips to the West were required to bring tendentious material they had collected to be handed over to RFE in Munich), the need to ask the United States to increase the power of the RFE transmitters beamed at Poland, and the consolidation of RFE’s role as an educational (!) organization for Polish society. He also proposed stepping up propaganda against the Polish Army and extending the activity to increase financial assistance to “Solidarity”. Barbara Teruhczyk and Bogdan Lis also called at RFE’s headquarters in Munich where they were received by Russel Poole, who was then RFE’s vicepresident and a high-ranking US intelligence officer, and by head of the Polish service Zygmunt Michalowski (at present RFE’s Polish service is headed by Zdzislaw Najder, a CIA agent who was tried in absentia in Poland and sentenced for spying for the United States).

p RFE’s Polish service specializes in whipping up hatred for the Russians, undermining confidence in the political system of People’s Poland, attempting to destroy the system of socialist values, stirring up antagonisms in Polish society, and discrediting the members of the party and state apparatus in the eyes of the public. A great deal of attention is devoted to fomenting mistrust and unrest by spreading all kinds of rumours and gossip and to the organization of various propaganda provocations according to carefully prepared scenarios. The leading motto for the makers of RFE programmes in Polish is: "Fewer commentaries and more instructions!”

p For 24 hours a day Radio Free Europe broadcasts programmes in Polish which are mostly instructions for the antigovernment forces and underground elements. The emphasis is on the need to change tactics but not to give up such actions as "strikes, demonstrations and underground publications." Attempts are being made to launch a campaign to create a climate of dissatisfaction, inactivity and apathy, the detonator of public discontent being speculation on the economic difficulties in the Polish People’s Republic. Biased and one-sided coverage of events is the hallmark of broadcasts coming from Munich. The manipulation of public opinion in 88 Poland includes broadcasting specially selected and edited statements made by popular persons or figures enjoying moral authority, pronouncements of representatives of the Catholic Church on the socio-political situation in the country or on matters connected with the Pope’s visit, etc. Misinforming the Polish public is also carried out with the help of what is called reviews of the “independent” Western press from which RFE fishes out only dubious information, sensation or downright lies.

p The meaning and purpose of the so-called independent broadcasting by Radio Free Europe is quite clear. It is attempting to break up the integrity of the Polish socialist state by means, in RFE’s own words, of an "absolute blockade and boycott of the authorities" and in doing so to engineer a clash between the opponents of socialism and its supporters. It is no accident that RFE continues to report "bitter and fierce fighting in the streets" and the "harshness of the steps taken by the militia and the security service". The broadcasters from RFE’s Polish service deliberately use terminology which was current during the Nazi occupation, for instance, such expressions as "round-ups in the streets", "collaborationist journalists", etc. The purpose of this juggling with words is to provoke the citizens to act illegally, spread leaflets and reconstruct the organizational network of the former “Solidarity”.

p The newspaper Zolnierz Wolnosci wrote that "RFE’s programmes reveal all too clearly the political cynicism and indifference of those who are hypocritically beating their chests in defending the human and civil rights which are allegedly violated in Poland or condemning the imaginary ’violations by the PPR government of the Helsinki provisions’, while in fact they themselves have systematically and for many years violated these provisions in an institutional form.”^^6^^

p The same is true of other Western radio stations. Jerzy Urban, the press representative of the Polish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, said at a press conference:

p “Before, we didn’t put the BBC on the same level as the subversive radio station Radio Free Europe. But the recent broadcasts by the British radio station in Polish, including Adam Michnik’s interview on the situation in Poland, show that the BBC is a subversive radio mouthpiece. This means that we are probably far too liberal, and that it is necessary to raise the question before the leadership of the Polish Agency Interpress of the advisability of allowing the BBC’s representative in Warsaw to participate in our press conferences.”

p Despite the subversive activities of Western radio stations 89 and the "capital investment" into the political opposition in Poland, the West has failed to collect the “interest”. The situation in the country is gradually being normalized, a patriotic movement of national renewal is gathering strength, which creates a platform for harmony based on the fundamental principles of the social system and the interests of the Polish state.

Poland has stood the test and is now moving faster along the road of socialist renovation.