158

p Introduction

p  ^^1^^ Congressional Record-Extensions of Remarks, April 7, 1981,
p. E 1620

p  ^^2^^ Melinda Beck. "A Hot Cold War Heats Up the ICA", Newsweek, November 16, 1981, p. 36

p Chapter I

p  ^^1^^ James Aronson. The Press and the Cold War New York, 1 970, p. 32

p  ^^2^^ Ibid., p. 33

p  ^^3^^ Ibid., p. 35

p  ^^4^^ Ibid., p. 36

p ^^5^^ Ibid.

p  ^^6^^ Thomas C. Sorensen. The World War. The Story of American Propaganda, New York, 1968, p. 24

p  ^^7^^ Robert T. Holt. Radio Free Europe, Minneapolis, 1958, p. 12

p  ^^8^^ The New York Times, March 1 5, 1 971

p  ^^9^^ Joseph G. Whelan. "Radio Liberty—A Study of Its Origins, Structure, Policy, Programming and Effectiveness". Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress,
March 22, 1972, p. CRS-8

159

p  ^^10^^ Ibid.

p  ^^11^^ Quoted from the Russian text of Memorandum No. 3-54, Radio Liberation, January 8, 1954, p. 1

p  ^^12^^ Ibid., p. 2

p  ^^13^^ Joseph G. Whelan, Op. cit., p. Ill

p  ^^14^^ J. William Fulbright, "U. S. Funding of ’Freedom Radio’", The Washington Post, August 8, 1973

p  ^^15^^ CounterSpy, September-November 1982, p. 6

p  ^^16^^ "The Right to Know", report of the Presidential Study Commission on International Broadcasting, 1973, Congressional RecordExtensions of Remarks, November 17, 1981, p. E 5361

p  ^^17^^ The Washington Post, August 8, 1973

p  ^^18^^ Clayton Fritchey. "Hangovers of the Cold War", The Washington Post, March 25, 1 972

p  ^^19^^ The Board for International Broadcasting. Sixth Annual Report, 1980, p. 1, Congressional Record-Extensions of Remarks, November 17, 1981, p. E 5361

p  ^^20^^ Thomas C. Sorensen. The World War. The Story of American Propaganda, New York, 1968, p. 225

p  ^^21^^ Ibid., p. 31

p  ^^22^^ Ibid.

p  ^^23^^ Ibid., p. 33

p  ^^24^^ Ibid.

p ^^25^^ Ibid., p. 43

p  ^^26^^ Robert E. Elder. The Information Machine. The United States Information Agency and American Foreign Policy, New York, 1 968, p. 199

p  ^^27^^ Ibid.

p  ^^28^^ Ibid., p. 201

p  ^^29^^ Ibid., p. 184

p  ^^30^^ Ibid., p. 188

p  ^^31^^ Thomas C. Sorensen, Op.cit., p. 32

p  ^^32^^ Dwight D. Eisenhower. The White House Years, Vol. II, Waging Peace, 1956-1961, London, 1965, p. 279

p  ^^33^^ Robert E. Elder, Op.cit., p. 183

p  ^^34^^ Ibid.

p  ^^35^^ Thomas C. Sorensen, Op.cit., p. 241

p  ^^36^^ Ibid., p. 244

160

p  ^^37^^ Newsweek, June 3, 1968, p. 59

p  ^^38^^ Statement of Bruce N. Gregory, President of the American Federation of Government Employees Local 1812 before the Subcommittee on International Operations of the House International Relations Committee on a Bill to Authorize Appropriations for the International Communication Agency,
February 21, 1978, p. 7

p  ^^39^^ CounterSpy, November 1980-January 1981, pp. 5, 6

p  ^^40^^ Newsweek, November 16, 1981, p. 36

p  ^^41^^ Ibid.

p  ^^42^^ U.S. News & World Report, March 5, 1984, p. 60

p  ^^43^^ Burcly C.N. The New Warfare, London, 1954, p. 27

p  ^^44^^ L.John Martin. International Propaganda, Its Legal and Diplomatic Control, Minneapolis, 1958, p. 36

p  ^^45^^ Britain 1972. An Official Handbook, London, 1972, pp. 438-439

p Chapter II

p  ^^1^^ President Reagan. Promoting Democracy and Peace, June 8, 1982, United States Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Washington, D.C., p. 4

p  ^^2^^ Ibid.

p  ^^3^^ Marie-France Toinet. Le Monde diplomatique, juillet 1983, p. 4

p  ^^4^^ Bernard Gwertzman. "Aid to Democracy Abroad Is Weighed", The New York Times, May 30, 1982

p ^^5^^ Ibid.

p  ^^6^^ Der Spiegel, 4.4.1 983, S. 136

p  ^^7^^ Le Monde diplomatique, juillet 1 983, p. 4

p  ^^8^^ Maurice T. Maschino. "Le capitalisme contre ’la democratic", Le Monde diplomatique, mars 1977, pp. 8, 9

p  ^^9^^ Project Democracy

p  ^^10^^ Congressional Record-Senate, October 20, 1983, p. S 14341

p  ^^11^^ The Washington Post, February 27, 1983

p  ^^12^^ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, May 21, 1984, p. 715

161

p  ^^13^^ The Christian Science Monitor, March 16, 1983

p  ^^14^^ Stephen F. Cohen. "About the Sovietophobia Threat and Its Cure", International Herald Tribune, March 26/27, 1983

p  ^^15^^ Der Spiegel, 4.4.1983, S. 136

p  ^^16^^ Carl T. Rowan in Reader’s Digest, April 1984, p. 66

p  ^^17^^ International Herald Tribune, March 26/27, 1983

p  ^^18^^ Akio Takahasi. The President’s Crime, Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, Moscow, 1984

p Chapter III

p  ^^1^^ The Board for International Broadcasting. The Ninth Annual Report, October 1, 1981 -September 30, 1982, p. 5

p  ^^2^^ Der Spiegel, N. 14, 1977, S. 128

p  ^^3^^ Congressional Record-Extensions of Remarks, March 12, 1980, p. E1218

p  ^^4^^ Congressional Record-Extensions of Remarks, September 27, 1983, p. E4565

p  ^^5^^ Congressional Record-Extensions of Remarks, April 7, 1981, pp. E1620, E1622

p  ^^6^^ Congressional Record-Extensions of Remarks, November 17, p. E5361

p  ^^7^^ Propaganda and the Cold War, Edited by John B. Whitton, Washington, D.C., 1963, p. 3

p  ^^8^^ John B. Whitton and Arthur Larson. Propaganda Towards Disarmament in the War of Words, New York, 1963, p. 6

p  ^^9^^ William E. Daugherty, Morris Janowitz. A Psychological Warfare Casebook, Baltimore, 1958, pp. 551 -553

p  ^^10^^ Propaganda and the Cold War, p. 3

p  ^^11^^ The Board for International Broadcasting. 1984 Annual Report, January 31, 1984

p  ^^12^^ Ibid., p. 1

p  ^^13^^ Ibid., pp. 3-41

p  ^^14^^ Ibid.

p  ^^15^^ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, March 1, 1982, p. 224

p  ^^16^^ Robin Grey. "Inside the Voice of America", Columbia Journalism Review, May/June 1982, p. 3

162

p  ^^17^^ "VOA Weighs Shift in Foreign-Language News Selection", International Herald Tribune, November 16, 1981

p  ^^18^^ The Washington Post, November 13, 1981

p  ^^19^^ Robin Grey, Op.cit., p. 22

p  ^^20^^ Ibid., p. 26

p  ^^21^^ Nicholaus Ashford. "Selling the Voice of America Like Soap", The Times, November 30, 1981

p  ^^22^^ Newsweek, November 7, 1983, p. 62

p  ^^23^^ Jonathan Friendly. "VOA Director Pledges Increase in Editorials", International Herald Tribune, December 12, 1982

p  ^^24^^ William Pfaff. "America’s Strident New Voice", International Herald Tribune, September 2, 1983

p  ^^25^^ Carl T. Rowan and David M. Mazie. "Why the Voice of America Is in a Jam?", Reader’s Digest, April 1984, pp. 171, 176

p  ^^26^^ The Washington Post, September VI, 1984

p  ^^27^^ Congressional Record-Senate, November 12, 1981, p. S13330

p  ^^28^^ Congressional Record-Extensions of Remarks, March 2, 1983, p. E715

p  ^^29^^ Congressional Record-Extensions of Remarks, September 27, 1983, p. E4564

p  ^^30^^ Congressional Record-Extensions of Remarks, November 17,1981, p. E5361

p  ^^31^^ William E. Daugherty, Morris Janowitz, Op.cit., p. 145

p  ^^32^^ Ibid.

p  ^^33^^ ARD-Jahrbuch 83. 60 Jahre Radio 1923-1983, Hamburg 1983, S. 282

p Chapter IV

p  ^^1^^ The Board for International Broadcasting. Annual Report, January 31,1983, p. 29

p  ^^2^^ Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1977, Message from the President of the United States, US Government Printing Office, 1977, p. 2

p  ^^3^^ ARD-Jahrbuch 83, Hamburg 1983, S. 282

p  ^^4^^ The Board for International Broadcasting. Annual Report, October 1, 1978-September 30, 1979, pp. 18-19

p  ^^5^^ "The Voice of America", The New York Times, April 1, 1977

163

p  ^^6^^ "They Want to Hear What We Say", Newsweek, May 14, 1984, p. 60

p  ^^7^^ The Washington Post, April 14, 1981; Congressional RecordExtensions of Remarks, April 27, 1981, pp. E1822-E1823

p  ^^8^^ Propaganda and the Cold War, ed. by John B. Whitton, pp. 1, 2

p  ^^9^^ Ibid., p. 4

p  ^^10^^ Ibid., pp. 57-61

p  ^^11^^ Time, March 9, 1981, p. 30

p  ^^12^^ Ibid.

p  ^^13^^ C.L. Sulzberger. "Should the Old Labels Be Changed?", The New York Times, July 6, 1964

p  ^^14^^ Propaganda and the Cold War, pp. 60-61

p  ^^15^^ International Political Science Review, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1980, p. 312

p  ^^16^^ Ibid., p. 314

p  ^^17^^ Encounter, October 1979, p. 15

p  ^^18^^ Robert Dallek. Ronald Reagan. The Politics of Symbolism, Cambridge, London, 1984, pp. 129-130

p  ^^19^^ Thomas Powers. The Man Who Kept the Secrets. Richard Helms & the CIA, New York, 1979, pp. 80-81

p  ^^20^^ CounterSpy, November 1980-January 1981, p. 8

p Chapter V

p  ^^1^^ The New York Times, December 5, 1981

p  ^^2^^ Radio Free Europe Objectives, Free Europe Committee, September 1963

p  ^^3^^ Czechoslovak Broadcast Analysis Meeting of January 1 972

p  ^^4^^ Volksstimme, 23 Oktober 1982

p  ^^5^^ Volksstimme, 29 Oktober 1982

p  ^^6^^ Zolnierz Wolnosci, 18.5.1983

p Chapter VI

p  ^^1^^ Emil Hoffmann. Medienfreiheit? Anspruch und Wirklichkeit, Schotten/Hessen, 1981, S. 48

p  ^^2^^ The New York Times, January 24, 1971

p  ^^3^^ J. William Fulbright. The Crippled Giant. American Foreign Policy and Its Domestic Consequences, New York, 1 972, pp. 37-38

164

p  ^^4^^ David M. Abshire. "Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, A New Era", NATO Review, April 1975, p. 28

p  ^^5^^ The Board for International Broadcasting. Annual Report, October 30, 1975, p. 6

p  ^^6^^ William Mahoney. "East-Bloc Attacks on Western Broadcasting Grow", /PI Report, Vol 25, May 1976, No. 5, p. 2

p  ^^7^^ Volksstimme, 28 Marz, 1976

p  ^^8^^ The New York Times, December 26, 1977

p  ^^9^^ The New York Times, December 25, 1977

p  ^^10^^ CounterSpy, November 1980-January 1981, pp. 5-13

p  ^^11^^ Hearings before the Subcommittee on International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, February 15, 1979, p. 113

p Chapter VII

p  ^^1^^ Time, August 27, 1984, p. 7

p  ^^2^^ Here and further on—excerpts from official documents 

p Chapter VIII

p  ^^1^^ U.S. News &World Report, March 5, 1984, p. 58

p  ^^2^^ The New York Times, March 30, 1984

p  ^^3^^ "What the Senate Didn’t Know About Charles Z. Wick: How the USIA Chief Ran His Nursing Home Business", Mother Jones, November 1984, pp. 33-51

p  ^^4^^ Newsweek, March 12, 1984, p. 34

p  ^^5^^ "Nonconsensual Recording of Certain Telephone Conversations by USIA Director Charles Z. Wick". A Staff Report prepared for the Committee on Foreign Relations United States Senate, February 1 984, p. 1

p  ^^6^^ "Washington Phone-Tap Affair", The Times, January 9, 1984

p  ^^7^^ Philip Geyelin in International Herald Tribune, January 16, 1984

p  ^^8^^ Facts concerning RFE/RL employees have been taken from the Soviet press

p  ^^9^^ Der Spiegel, N. 51, 1977, S. 95-97

165

p  ^^10^^ From a memorandum by G. Bensi and S. Mirsky entitled "To All Radio Liberty Employees"

p  ^^11^^ The Washington Post, November 23, 1981

p  ^^12^^ Horizont, N. 1, 1984, S. 5

p  ^^13^^ Ambartsum A. Khigatyan in Russky golos, February 23, 1984

p Chapter IX

p  ^^1^^ According to Annex 2 (Definition of Terms) adopted by the Montreux 1965 International Telecommunication’Convention, “ telecommunication” means "any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems”.

p  ^^2^^ International Convention Concerning the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace

p  ^^3^^ Bulletin No.16(2194) of the USSR Supreme Soviet for April 20, 1983, Moscow, p. 267

p  ^^4^^ International Telecommunication Convention, Montreux, 1965. Article 29, with Final Protocol, Additional Protocols I to III and Optional Additional Protocol of November 12, 1965 (with Additional Protocol IV of October 21, 1965). London, 1967, p. 62

p  ^^5^^ From Moscow University Bulletin XI, “Journalism”, 1966, pp. 32-33

p  ^^6^^ Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Jlistice, United Nations, New York, p. 1

p  ^^7^^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. I, 1971, p. 328

p  ^^8^^ The Guardian, January 30, 1977

p  ^^9^^ Based on the data of research by Dr. Emil Hoffmann (Law) provided by the Panorama news agency, the German Democratic Republic

p  ^^10^^ L. Oppenheim, H. Lauterpacht. International Law, Vol. 1, London, 1955, from page 292 on

p  ^^11^^ Karl Strupp und Hans-Jurgen Schlochauer. Worterbuch des Volkerrechts, Band II, Berlin, 1961, S. 808

p  ^^12^^ Grundgesetz fur die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bundeszentrale fiir politische Bildung, Bonn, 1976, S. 31

p  ^^13^^ Ibid.

p Chapter X

p  ^^1^^ Herbert I. Schiller. The Free Flow of Information Benefits Whom? University of California, San Diego, 1973, pp. 1-2

166

p  ^^2^^ CounterSpy, November 1980-January 1981, pp. 5,7

p  ^^3^^ Hearings before the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Ninety-Third Congress, First Session, May 7 and 8, 1973. US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1973, p. 7

p  ^^4^^ Statement of Paul R. Bartlett, Communications Consultant, before the Subcommittee on International Operations of the House Committee on International Relations. February 23, 1978, p. 7

p  ^^5^^ "Why Anti-Americanism Gains Ground in Europe?" U.S. News & World Report, December 20, 1982, p. 35

p  ^^6^^ USIA, 26th Review of Operations, January-June 1966, pp. 15-16

p  ^^7^^ Karl-Heinz Hansen. Radio Free—ein Kind des Kalten Krieges, Munchen, 1973, S. 6-7

p  ^^8^^ Ibid., p. 12 ^^3^^ Ibid., p. 14

p  ^^10^^ UNESCO, Records of the General Conference, Twentieth Session, Vol. I, Resolutions, p. 102

 ^^11^^ Robert Dallek. Ronald Reagan. The Politics of Symbolism, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, London, 1984