p Introduction
p ^^1^^ 24th Congress of the CPSU, p. 20.
p ^^2^^ N. Inozemtsev, "Osobennosti sovremennogo imperializma i ego osnovnye protivorechiya" (The Features of Modern Imperialism and Its Main Contradictions) in Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya (World Economy and International Relations), No. 5, 1970, p. 14.
p ^^3^^ Business International Research Report. 1985/Corporale Planning Today for Tomorrow’s Market, N.Y., 1967, p. 90.
p ^^4^^ V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 28, p. 239.
p ^^5^^ V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 22, p. 287.
p ^^6^^ This refers to the association of African countries with the Common Market.
p ^^7^^ Revue de Defense Nutinnale, aout—sept. 1970.
p Chapter I
p ^^1^^ L. Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War L., 1962, p. 75.
307p ^^2^^ Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, N.Y., 1945, p. 41.
p ^^3^^ W. H. McNeill, America, Britain and Russia, L., 1953, p. 319.
p ^^4^^ Parliamentary Debates. Fifth Series. House of Commons, Vol 374, col. 69; R. Oliver, A. Atmore, Africa Since 1800, Cambridge University Press, 1967, p. 211.
p ^^5^^ R. B. Russel, A History of the United Nations Charier. The Role of the United States, 1940-1945, Wash., 1958, p. 83.
p ^^6^^ Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, N.Y., 1946, p. 35.
p ^^7^^ V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 31, p. 448.
p ^^8^^ W. Langer and S. Gleason, Challenge to Isolation 1937-1940, N.Y., 1952, pp. 2-3.
p ^^9^^ Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, N.Y., 1946, p. 36.
p ^^10^^ Ibid., p. 71.
p ^^11^^ W. Root, The Secret History of the Second World War, Vol. Ill, N.Y., 1946, pp. 192, 450-51.
p ^^12^^ Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, N.Y., 1946, p. 70.
p ^^13^^ Ibid., p. 86.
p ^^14^^ Charles de Gaulle, Memoires de guerre, L’Unite 1942-1944, P., 1956, pp. 23-24.
p ^^15^^ W. Langer, Our Vichy Gamble, N.Y., 1947, p. 261.
p ^^16^^ W. Willkie, One World, N.Y., 1943, p. 182.
p ^^17^^ The Times, March 8, 1943.
p ^^18^^ W. S. Churchill, The End of the Beginning, War Speeches, Boston, 1943, p. 268; Keesing’s Contemporary Archives. Weekly Diary of World Events, 1940-1943, Nov. 7-14, 1942, p. 5450. Elliot Roosevelt writes that his father mentioned these words of Churchill’s to him in August 1941 (before the Argentia Bay meeting) as having been said during one of the transatlantic telephone calls. (E. Roosevelt, As He Saw It, N.Y., 1946.)
p ^^19^^ C. Hull, The Memoirs, Vol. II, N.Y., 1948, p. 1476.
p ^^20^^ R. B. Russell, A History of the United Nations Charter. The Role of the United States, 1940-1945, 1958, p. 87.
308p ^^21^^ Foreign Relations of the United Stales, 1943, Vol. 1, p. 666.
p ^^22^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United Stales Policy, Englewood Cliffs (N.Y.), 1967, p. 18.
p ^^23^^ "Address by Henry S. Villard, Assistant Chief of the Division of Near Eastern Affairs of the Department of State" (Aug. 19, 1943), Department of Stale Press Release, No. 345. Aug. IS, 1943.
p ^^24^^ Catroux, Dans la ballaille tie Medilerranec, P., 1944, p. 88.
p ^^25^^ Charles de Gaulle, Memoires de guerre, L’Unite 1942-1944, pp. 23-24.
p Chapter II
p ^^1^^ C. Hull, The Memoirs, N.Y., 1948, Vol. II, p. 1235.
p ^^2^^ E. Cassirer, The Myth of the State, N.Y., 194G.
p ^^3^^ W. Rostow, View from the Seventh Floor, N.Y., 1964, p. 116.
p ” G. L. Beer, African Questions at the Paris Peace Conference, N.Y., 1923, p. 264.
p ^^5^^ L. E. Gelfand, The Inquiry: American Preparations for the Pence, 1917-1919, New Haven, Yale University, 1963.
p ^^11^^ R. Emerson. Africa and United States Policy, p. 1C.
p ^^7^^ R. B. Russell, A History of the United Nations Charter. The Role of the United States, 1940-1945, p. 75.
p ^^8^^ Ibid., p. 83.
p ^^9^^ Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943, Vol. I, General, Wash., 1963, p. 748.
p ^^10^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United Slates Policy, p. 15.
p ^^11^^ Ibid., p. 21.
p ^^12^^ United States Department of State Press Release, No. 605, October 30, 1953.
p ^^13^^ Department of State Bulletin, XXII, June 19, 1950, pp. 999-1002.
p ^^14^^ Ch. Bowles, Africa’s Challenge to the United States, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1956, pp. 96-97.
p ^^15^^ Department of Stale Press Release, No. 298, May 1, 1959.
309p ^^10^^ Vernon McKay, Africa in World Politics, N.Y., 1963, pp. 322-23.
p ^^17^^ Kennedy and Africa, cd. by Robert A. Marschall, N.Y., 1967, pp. 15-21.
p ^^18^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United States Policy, p. 24. ^^111^^ A. Burns, In Defence of Colonies, L., 1957, p. 129.
p ^^211^^ W. Attwood, The Reds and the Blacks, L., 1967, p. 168.
p ^^21^^ "Report of the Special Study Mission to Africa, South and East of the Sahara by Honourable Francis P. Bolton, Ranking Minority Member of the Subcommittee of the Near East and Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs”, Wash., 1956, p. 12.
p ^^22^^ W. Attwood, The Reds and the Blacks, p. 15.
p ^^23^^ This was the title given to a collection of Kennedy’s speeches (To Turn the Tide, N.Y., 1962).
p ^^24^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United Stales Policy, p. 5. ^^23^^ Ausscnpolitik, 1968, No. 7, S. 434.
p ^^26^^ Africa Report, 1969, No. 1, p. 15.
p ^^27^^ Ibid., p. 10.
p ^^28^^ Ibid., p. 9.
p Chapter 111
p ^^1^^ Ch. Hains, Africa Today, Baltimore, 1955, pp. 441-42.
p ^^2^^ Aussenpolitik, 1968, No. 7, S. 429.
p ^^3^^ S. Hempstone, The New Africa, L., 1961.
p 4 Eugene V. Rostow, "Europa und USA—Partner aus Notwcndigkeit”. Aussenpolitik, 1968, No. 7, S. 390-91.
p ^^5^^ Annual Register of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1952, L., 1953, p. 4.
p “ Daily Mail, July 27, 1956.
p ^^7^^ Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, Aug. 2, London, 1956, col. 1659.
310p ^^8^^ Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House: Years 1956-1961, L., 1966, pp. 75-78.
p ^^9^^ The Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden, L., 1960, pp. 526, 528.
p ^^10^^ Pravda, 6 September 1956.
p ^^11^^ The Times, Nov. 29, 1956, p. 7.
p ^^12^^ The Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden, p. 336.
p ^^13^^ The New York Times, Oct. 3, 1956.
p ^^14^^ Terence Robertson, Crisis, N.Y., 1965, p. 177.
p ^^15^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United States Policy, pp. 109-10.
p ^^16^^ “Africa”, Department of State Publication 7546, African Scries 34, p. 3.
p Chapter IV
p ^^1^^ Le Monde, 10 mai, 1952.
p ^^2^^ Ibid.
p ^^3^^ Documents on International Affairs 1952, Oxford University Press, London-New York-Toronto, 1956, pp. 47, 52.
p ^^4^^ Deutsche Ausscnpolitik, 1956, No. 3, S. 259.
p ^^5^^ Le Mais en Afritiuc, Nov. 1907, No. 23, p. 27.
p ^^0^^ The Parliamentary Debates. Fifth Scries, House of Common*, Vol. 446, col. 398.
p ^^7^^ The Economist, June 28, 1952, p. 870.
p ^^8^^ Survey of British and Commonwealth Affairs, 1967, Vol. 1, No. 20, p. 994.
p ^^9^^ The Times, Jan. 23, 1948.
p ^^10^^ The United States in World Affairs, 1958, N.Y., 1959, p. 240.
p ^^11^^ Overseas Quarterly, March 1958, Vol. 1, No. 1 p. 1.
p ^^12^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United States Policy, p. 35.
p ^^13^^ Keesing’s Contemporary Archives, 1961, p. 18266.
p ^^14^^ The Department of State Bulletin, Apr. 12, 1965,
311p ^^13^^ The Times, Apr. 23, 1956.
p ^^16^^ Pravda, 9 December, 1959. " Foreign Affairs, April 1965, Vol. 43, p. 415.
p ^^18^^ A. Cohen, British Policy in Changing Africa, L., 1959, pp. 113-16.
p ^^19^^ Africa Digest, 1955, Vol. Ill, No. 4, pp. 21-22. Quoted from Ali A. Mazrui, The Anglo-African Commonwealth, L., 1967, p. 33
p ^^20^^ Der Spiegel, 1966, No. 32, S. 55.
p ^^21^^ The Times, July 25, 1962, p. 11.
p ^^22^^ In 1969 a new convention was signed at Yaounde to cover the period up to the 31 January 1975.
p Chapter V
p ^^1^^ V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 22, pp. 242, 277.
p ^^2^^ V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 23, p. 44.
p ^^3^^ U.S. Mews and World Report, Nov. 20, 1967.
p ^^4^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United States Policy, pp. 33-34.
p ^^5^^ East African Standard, July 4, 1968.
p ^^6^^ Le Figaro, 30 mai, 1969.
p ^^7^^ Le Figaro, 18-19 juli, 1970.
p ^^8^^ Ibid.
p ^^9^^ Japan Press, May 2, 1970.
p ^^10^^ Ibid.
p ^^11^^ Ibid.
p ^^12^^ International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties, Prague, 1969, p. 17.
p Chapter VI
p ^^1^^ Internationales Afrika-Forum, Aug. 1967.
p ^^2^^ John D. Montgomery, Foreign Aid in International Politics, America’s Role in World Affairs Series, N.Y., 1967, p. 7.
312p ^^3^^ D. Baldwin, Foreign Aid and American Foreign Policy, N.Y., 1066, p. 97.
p ^^4^^ B. Crozicr, Neo-Colonialism. A Background Book, L., 1964, pp. 109-10.
p ^^5^^ Marches tropicaux el mediterraneens, 15 fev., 1967, p. 565. ” Internationales Afrika-Forum, Aug. 1967.
p ^^7^^ "What Is Aid”, by W. Clark, University at East Africa conferences on public policy. Dar es Salam, Foreign Aid, Sept. 22-26, p. 3.
p ^^8^^ Why Foreign Aid?, Chi., 1963, p. 74.
p ^^0^^ M. Guernier, La Dcrniere Chance du tiers monde, P., 1968, p. 98.
p ^^10^^ Internationales Afrika-Forum, Aug. 1967.
p ^^11^^ Britisli Aid-1, Survey and Comment, L., 1963, p. 13.
p ^^12^^ New Statesman, Dec. 13. 1963.
p ^^13^^ Development & Civilisations, No. 27, Sept. 1966, p. 21.
p ^^14^^ Economic ct poliliquc, avr.-mai 1969.
p ^^15^^ Le Monde, 26 oct., 1969.
p ^^16^^ Der Deutsche Bundestag, 5 Wahlperiode, 124 Sitzung, 11 Okt. 1967, S. 6246.
p ^^17^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United States Policy, p. 35.
p ^^18^^ Ibid., p. 36.
p ^^111^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United Slates Policy, pp. 40-41.
p -" Charles Wolf, Jr., United Slates Policy and the Third World, Boston, 1967, p. 16.
p ^^21^^ M. O’Leary, The Politics of American Foreign Aid, N.Y., 1967, pp. 18-19.
p ^^22^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United States Policy, pp. 41, 42.
p ^^23^^ Efforts et PaUtiques d’Aide au Developpcment, Examen, 1966.
p ^^24^^ D. Baldwin, Foreign Aid and American Foreign Policy, N.Y., 1966, p. 3.
313p Chapter VII
p ^^1^^ V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 22, p. 290.
p ^^2^^ "US and Africa in the 70‘s”, p. 8.
p ^^3^^ Ibid.
p ^^4^^ Bulletin des Presse und Informalionsamles der Bundesregierung, Bonn, 1 Juli, 1969, No. 86, S. 741.
p ^^5^^ Japan Press, May 2, 1970.
p ^^6^^ Eugene J. McCarthy, The Limits of Power, N.Y., 1967, p. 38.
p ^^7^^ Volkswirt, Jan. 2, 1970.
p Chapter VIII
p ^^1^^ Washington Post, June 7, 1961.
p ^^2^^ Robert Capot-Rey, Le Sahara, Francais, Paris, 1953, p. 421.
p ^^3^^ Calculated from Mineralnye resurcy stran kapitalisticheskogo mira (The Mineral Resources of the Countries of the Capitalist World), Moscow, 1968, and national statistics.
p Chapter IX
p ^^1^^ Fortune, Dec. 1962.
p ^^2^^ Le Monde, 2-3 fev., 1964.
p ^^3^^ Documents on International Affairs, 1961, Oxford University Press. L., 1965, p. 770.
p ” New York Herald Tribune, July 24, 1962.
p ^^5^^ Les Echos, 2 Jan., 1963.
p ^^6^^ New York Times, Jan. 4, 1963.
p ^^7^^ African World, Apr. 1968.
p ^^8^^ Africa Confidential, May 9, 1969.
p ^^9^^ Foreign Report, The Economist supplement, Jan. 2, 1969,
314p 10 Ibid.
p ^^11^^ Ibid.
p ^^12^^ Ibid.
p ^^13^^ Journal do Geneva, 16 mai, 1969.
p ^^14^^ W. Attwoocl, The Reds and the Blacks, pp. 26, 124.
p ^^15^^ Ibid., p. 129.
p ^^16^^ Financial Times, May 31, 1967.
p ^^17^^ Daily Telegraph, Oct. 31, 1967.
p ^^18^^ Financial Times, May 31, 1967.
p ^^19^^ Later this fact was persistently denied in the USA and Biafra.
p ^^20^^ The Sun, Oct. 3, 1968.
p ^^21^^ The Times, Oct. 22, 1968.
p ^^22^^ Daily Mirror, Oct. 9, 1968.
p ^^23^^ L’Aurore, 19 aout, 1968.
p ^^24^^ La Tribune des Nations, 18 oct, 1968.
p ^^25^^ People’s World, Aug. 3, 1968.
p ^^26^^ Le Monde, 14 Jan., 1970.
p ^^27^^ JVea; York Times, Jan. 23, 1970. ’-* S!<nAz;y Express, Jan. 25, 1970.
p ^^29^^ JVew Yorfc Timw, March 3, 1970.
p ^^30^^ Wew York Times, Jan. 22, 1970.
p ^^31^^ Ibid.
p ^^32^^ Ibid.
p ^^33^^ Le Nouvcl Observateur, 12 Jan., 1970.
p ^^34^^ Ibid.
p ^^35^^ Ibid.
p ^^36^^ "Prospects for US Business in Algeria”, Middle East Economic Digest, London, June 13, 1969.
p ^^37^^ Ibid,
315p Chapter X
p ^^1^^ Sec, for example, Raspad Britanskoi imperil (The Disintegration of the British Empire), Moscow, 1964; Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya posle vtoroi mirovoi voiny (International Relations after the Second World War), Vols. 1-3, Moscow, 1965; N. A. Yerofeyev, Zakat Britanskoi imperil (The Decline of the British Empire), Moscow, 1967; E. A. Tarabrin, Strategiya i taktika neokolonializma Anglii (The Strategy and Tactics of British Neo-Colonialism), Moscow, 1969; Ali A. Mazrui, The Anglo-African Commonwealth, L., 1967.
p ^^2^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United States Policy, p. 60.
p ^^3^^ W. Attwood, The Reds and the Blacks, p. 16.
p ^^4^^ Ibid., p. 15.
p ^^5^^ W. S. Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. 2, Their Finest Hour, L., 1951, p. 128.
p ^^6^^ Forrestal Diaries, N.Y., 1951, p. 36.
p ^^7^^ Newsweek, Jan. 6, 1969, p. 34.
p ^^8^^ M. Beloff, The Future of British Foreign Policy, 1969, p. 4.
p ^^9^^ The Observer, Jan. 20, 1969.
p ^^10^^ Donald Maclean, British Foreign Policy Since Suez, L., 1970, p. 70.
p ^^11^^ Rinascita, Jan. 2, 1970.
p ^^12^^ "Exchange of Letters between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Kenya establishing a British Training Team in Kenya to assist in the training and development of the Armed Forces of Kenya”, Treaty Series, No. 33, (1968), L., 1968, p. 4.
p ^^13^^ Africa Report, 1969, No. 1.
p ^^14^^ D. Horowitz, The Free World Colossus, L., 1965, p. 212.
p ^^15^^ Le Monde, 4 Jan., 1968.
p ^^10^^ The Department of State Newsletter, Feb. 1968.
p ^^17^^ New York Times, March 27, 1968.
p ^^18^^ Le Monde, 4 Jan., 1968.
p ^^10^^ The Observer, Feb. 11, 1968.
p ^^20^^ Daily Mirror, Oct. 9, 1968.
p ^^21^^ New York Times, Feb. 4, 1968. As was shown in Chaptei IX Paris managed to frustrate Washington s plans..
316p ^^22^^ Charles Darlington, African Betrayal, N.Y., 1968.
p Washington Post, Dec. 7, 1967.
p Lc Monde, 29 mai 1969.
p Foreign Report, May 1, 1969.
p Afrika heute, 1969, Nos. 2-3.
p Paris-Match, 31 Jan., 1970.
p France Nouvclle, 4 mars, 1970.
p Le Monde, 4 mars 1970.
p France Nouvelle, 11 mars, 1970,
p Ibid.
p Le Monde, 14 mars 1970.
p Chapter XI
p ^^1^^ See, For example, Tradition ct modcrnisme en Ajriquc Noire, P., 1965.
p ^^2^^ H. Portisch, Augenzeuge der Weltpolitik, Miinchen, 1964, S. 273.
p ^^3^^ B. Crozier, A’en-Colonialism. A Background Book.
p ^^4^^ Oliver C. Cox, Capitalism and American Leadership, N.Y., 1962, p. XVII.
p ^^5^^ A. Mazrui, The Anglo-African Commonwealth, 1967, p. 82.
p ^^6^^ T. Hayter, French Aid, L., 1966, p. 176.
p ^^7^^ Le Monde, 12 mars, 1964.
p ^^8^^ "La Politique de cooperation avec les pays en voie de developpement. Rapport de la Commission d’Etude de Janneney”, P., 1964.
p ^^9^^ Afrika heute, 1969, Nos. 2-3.
p ^^10^^ Ibid.
p Ibid.
p ^^12^^ Kommunist, No. 9, 1969, p. 69.
p ^^13^^ Education and Training in the Developing Countries. The Role of US Foreign Aid, ed. by W. Y. Elliott, N.Y.-Wash.-L., 1966, p. 339
p ^^14^^ Y. T. Grown and G. P. Pcnty, Kennedy in Power, N.Y., 1961, p. 67
p ^^15^^ Africa Report, 1969, No. 1,
317p ^^16^^ C. Shrivcr, Point of the Lance, N.Y., 1964, p. 8.
p ” "Hearings before the Subcommittee on International Organisations and Movements of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, First Session, 1963.”
p ^^18^^ The Ford Foundation, Annual Report, 1967, p. 46.
p “’ West Africa, June 13, 1970.
p -" The Ford Foundation, Annual Report, 1969.
p ^^21^^ R. Emerson, Africa and United States Policy, p. 50.
p ^^22^^ Thomas Beetham, Christianity and the New Africa, London, 1967.
p ^^23^^ W. Attwood, The Reds and the Blacks, p. 82.
p Chapter XII
p ^^1^^ The Political Quarterly, 1970, No. 1.
p ^^2^^ The Sun, Jan. 24, 1968.
p ^^3^^ R. Harris, Independence and After, L., 1962, p. 30.
p ” The Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden, p. 398.
p ^^5^^ Survey of British and Commonwealth Affairs, 1970, Vol. 4, No. 9, p. 435.
p ^^6^^ John D. Hargreaves, West Africa: The Former French States, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New York, 1967, p. 151.
p ^^7^^ US and Africa in the 70’s, Wash., 1970, pp. 2, 4.
p ^^8^^ Victor Le Vine, Political Leadership in Africa, Stanford University, 1967.
p ^^9^^ "African Students and Study Programmes in the United States. Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee of Africa Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives”, Wash., 1965, p. 8.
p ^^10^^ R. Emerson, Africa anil United Slates Policy, p. 48.
p ^^11^^ "Statement by G. Mcnncn Williams before the Senate Judiciary Committee’s Subcommittee on Refuges and Escapes”, Wash., |an. 21, 1965.
p ^^12^^ Africa Report, 1969, No. 1.
p ^^13^^ W. Attwood, The Reds and the Blacks, 1967, p. 169.
p ^^14^^ Peace Corps Volunteer, July-August, 1968.
p ^^15^^ Peace Corps Volunteer, Apr. 1968.
318p Chapter XIII ’ J. Davis, African Trade Unions, L., 1966.
p ^^2^^ Ibid., p. 190.
p ^^3^^ "The Emergence of Africa”, Report to the President by VicePresident Nixon on his trip to Africa, Feb. 1957, p. 5.
p ^^4^^ In 1967 the AALC was exposed by independent US trade union leaders as being attached to the CIA. It was reported that it acted as a training centre for persons selected and recruited in the developing countries by US intelligence.
p ^^5^^ J. Davis, African Trade Unions.
p ^^0^^ Vernon McKay, Africa in World Politics, N.Y., 1963, p. 262.
p ^^7^^ New Africa, London, March 1964, Vol. 6, p. 9.
p Chapter XIV
p ^^1^^ "The Great Transition”, A Lecture by Walt W. Rostow, Special Assistant to the President, Feb. 23, 1967, United States Policy Statement Series—1967.
p ^^2^^ Nouvel Observateur, June 3-7, 1968, Suppl. No. 177.
p ^^3^^ New York Times, Jan. 5, 1969.
p ^^4^^ S. Dell, Trade Blocs and Common Market, L., 1963, p. 214.
p ^^5^^ The Lagos Agreement did not, however, come into force owing to the disruption in Nigeria’s relations with France caused by French aid to Biafra. Unlike the other members of the “Six”, Paris did not ratify the agreement before it expired on the 31 May 1969.
p Chapter XV
p ^^1^^ Africa and the World Order, Edited by Norman G. Padelford and Rupert Emerson, N.Y., 1963, pp. 4-5.
p ^^2^^ At the earlier 19th and 20th sessions of the General Assembly France had not supported the USA over the financing of the "UN operation" in the Congo and the Middle East. Many of the Frenchspeaking countries of Africa adopted a similar position.
p ^^3^^ James Wadsworth, the permanent US representative to the United Nations, who announced the American proposals, declared: "It is imperative that the international community protect the newly emerging countries of Africa from outside pressures that threaten their independence and sovereign rights. . . .” (United Nations,
319p General Assembly, Fifteenth Session, Official Records 68th Plenary Meeting, 22 September, 1960, p. 48.)
p In 1959-60 John Kennedy was chairman of the Subcommittee on Africa of the Senate’s Committee on Foreign Affairs and called frequently for an independent US policy towards the continent.
p ^^5^^ Calculated by the author from records of the UN General Assembly sessions.
p ^^6^^ Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, P., I960, L., 1962.
p ^^7^^ "Tied aid" obliges the recipient countries to purchase goods from the donor countries. This condition is damaging to the countries receiving the “aid” and, at the same time, restricts trade co-operation between the donors themselves.
p ^^8^^ V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 22, p. 252.
p ^^9^^ The International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties Prague, 1969, p. 18.
p ^^10^^ Economic Bulletin for Africa, Vol. V, Jan. 1965, p. 82.
p Conclusion
^^1^^ 24th Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971, p. 315.
Notes
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