588 B. C. Second half of 4th millennium c. 2150-16th cent. c. 2369 2024  First half of 2nd millennium 18th-17th cent. 1700-1570 16th cent, to 1050 15tb cent. 15th-13th cent. Second half of 2nd millennium Middle of 2nd millennium 1400  1317-1251 Middle of 2nd millennium 12th cent. 1122-771 llth-9th cent. End of 2nd-beginning of 1st millennium Beginning of 1st millennium 10th cent Slavery develops in the oldest known civilisations of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Earliest surviving examples of writing. Middle Kingdom in Egypt. Unification of Mesopotamia by Akkad. Mesopotamia invaded by Amorites and Elamites. Civilisations practising slavery emerge in Asia Minor. Founding of the Babylonian Kingdom, and its Golden Age under Hammurabi. Alphabetic writing, the Sinaitic script. Hyksos enslavement of Egypt. The New Kingdom in Egypt. Hittite Kingdom in Asia Minor at its height. Achaean period in Greece. Conquests of Pharaoh Tuthmosis III. Beginning of Shang-Yin state in China. Religious reforms in Egypt under Pharaoh Amenhotep IV. Campaigns of Ramses II. Ganges Valley civilisation. Trojan War. Invasion of Greece by the Dorians. Chou Empire in China. Homeric period in Greece. Aryan tribes enter northern Iran. Rise of Kingdom of Urartu. Phoenician towns florescent. 550 8th cent 753  8th-6th cent 8th cent. End of 7th cent. 6th cent 6th-5th cent 594  586  547 546 538 525 589 510-509 509  500-493 500-449 5th-4th cent. 490  5th-3rd cent. 480 479  478  Mid-5th cent. 431-404 395-386 390  378  343-290 334-324 324 321-276 280-275 264-241 218-201 Urartu at its zenith. High watermark of Assyrian power. Founding of Rome (traditional). Greek colonisation at its height. Florescence of Greek cities in Asia Minor. Rise of Empire of the Medes. Etruscans extend their power over Latium. Rise of Persia. Spread of Buddhism in India. Solon’s reforms in Athens. Babylonians capture Jerusalem. End of Kingdom of Israel. Cyrus of Persia subdues Medes. Cyrus conquers Armenia and Cappadocia. Cyrus II conquers Lydia. Fall of Babylon to the Persians. Persian conquest of Egypt. Persian Empire founded. Cleisthenes reforms the Athenian constitution. Foundation of Roman Republic (traditional). Ionian cities revolt against Persia. The Persian Wars. The rise of Confucianism and Taoism in China. Persian invasion of Attica. Greek victory at Marathon. Warring States period in China. Greek victories over Persians, on land at Thermopylae, and at sea off Salamis. Battles of Plataea and Mycale: Greek victories on land and at sea respectively. Persian invasion repulsed. Delian League founded (first Athenian naval alliance). Democracy flourishing in Athens. Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. Corinthian War. Sack of Rome by Gauls. Second Athenian naval alliance. The Samnite Wars. Rome extends hegemony over Central Italy. Eastern campaigns of Alexander the Great. Foundation of the Maurya dynasty in India. The dissolution of Alexander’s Empire: the struggle between his successors. Rise of Hellenistic states. Campaigns of Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, in Italy and Sicily. First Punic War. Second Punic War. 146 216  215-205; 200-197; 171-167 149-146 410 140-87 136-132 133-123 104-99 90-88 89-64 73-71 65-63 60  58-51 54-51 54-53 49-45 44, March 15 43-31 31-30 27-14 A.D. A.D. 1st cent. 18-28 66-70 End of Ist-beginning of 2nd cent. 184-208 3rd cent. 313 330  370-380 395  451 455 590 590 Roman defeat at Cannae Rome at war with Macedonia Third Punic War Carthage destroyed Sack of Corinth. Greece becomes vassal of Rome China flourishing under the Han dynasty First Servile War. revolt of slaves in Sicily under Eunus. Agrarian revolt of Roman plebeians Reforms of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Second Servile War. The Social War revolt of Italian towns against Rome Rome at war with Mithridates VI of Pontus Third Servile War great revolt of slaves in southern Italy under Spartacus Pompey s eastern campaign First Triumvirate Pompey, Caesar, Crassus Caesar’s conquest of Gaul. Revolt of Gauls against Romans Campaign of Crassus against Persians Roman Civil War. Julius Caesar becomes dictator Murder of Caesar. Second Triumvirate Antony, Octavian, Lepidus Civil War breaks out again Egypt subdued by Romans Octavian rules Roman Empire as Augustus Caesar Christianity spreads in eastern provinces of Roman Empire. Revolts against Rome m Gaul Africa and Britain Revolt of the Red Brows in China Jewish Revolt in Palestine Roman Empire at the height of its power. Revolt of the Yellow Headbands in China Socio-political crisis in Roman Empire Edict of Milan- Christianity tolerated m Roman Empire Capital of Empire transferred to Constantinople Huns defeat Goths and invade Europe Final division of Roman Empire into East and West. Sack of Rome by Visigoths under Alanc Invasion of Gaul by Huns under Attila repelled at Chalons. Rome pillaged by Vandals 591 476  Middle of 5th-beginning of 8th cent Second half of 5th cent End of 5th cent 493-555 532  535 555 563-567 568-c 600 583-586 589  637-651 645  661-750 End of Tib-beginning of 8th cent 750-945 816-837 819-999 9th cent. 829  Second half of 9th cent 950  Second half of 10th cent 1066  1096-1099 1127  1147-1149 1189-1192 1215  1237-1240 1242, April 5 1258  1265  1270  1302  1337-1453 1356  End of Western Roman Empire Visigoth state in Spain Emergence of early feudal state in Japan Decline of Gupta state in India Ostrogoth kingdom in Italy N;ka revolt in Constantinople Byzantium conquers Ostrogoth kingdom in Italy Ephtalite state destroyed by Turks Turkish Khanate establishes hegemony over states of Central Asia. Lombard kingdom founded in Italy Rising in Central Asia. Unification of China Iran conquered by Arabs Taikwa reforms in Japan Omayyad Caliphate. Silla state in Korea. Abbasid Caliphate (spiritual power up to 12iS) Peasant revolts under Babek in Azerbaijan and western Iran. Samanid dynasty in Central Asia Emergence of the state of ancient Rus Arabs expelled from Iran Unification of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England under Wessex. Syria, Egypt and Palestine throw off Arab lule Independent Vietnamese state Emergence of Polish state Norman conquest of England First Crusade Han-Jurchen state founded m northern China Second Crusade Third Crusade. Signing of Magna Carta in England Khan Batu’s hordes conquer the Russian principalities The Battle on the Ice: Russians defeat Teutonic Knights on Lake Peipus Mongols capture Baghdad First English parliament Last (Eighth) Crusade. States-General convened in France for first time The Hundred Years’ War Golden Bull regulates imperial elections in such a way as to place power in the hands of German princes 1381 1380  1410 1453 1419-1437 1603 1455-1485 1480  1492  1497-1498 1517  1519-1522 1524-1525 1526  1566  1572, August 24 592 1627-1645 1640-1660 1640, April-May 1640-1653 1641, November 1642, August 1644-1683 1648-1654 1649, January 30 May 19 1651 1653, December 16 1654, January 1654 1654-1667 1660 1667-1671 1674 1688-1689 1689 1764 Battle of Kuhkovo first major Russian victoiy over Golden Horde Peasant revolt m England under Wat 1 yler Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) Poles and Lithuanians break power of Teutonic Knights Hussite Wars in Bohemia frail of Constantinople to the Turks end of Byzantine Empire The Wars of the Roses Rus throws off Tartar-Mongol yoke Columbus discovers the New World Vasco da Gama finds sea route to India Beginning of the Reformation in Germany Magellan makes first circumnavigation of the world Peasant War in Germany Great Mogul Empire founded in India Beginning of bourgeois revolution in the Low Countries. St Bartholomew massacre in France First Dutch colony on the island of Java Tokugawa shogunate founded in Japan Peasant War in China English Bourgeois Revolution Short Parliament Long Parliament Grand Remonstrance of Parliament to Charles I Outbreak of English Civil War Revolts of Chinese provinces against Manchu rule Ukrainian revolt under Bogdan Khmelnitsky against Polish rule, for union with Russia Execution of Charles I of England England proclaimed Republic Navigation Act passed by the English Parliament Cromwell dissolves Parliament, becomes Lord Protector Union of Russia and the Ukraine Ireland and Scotland declared part of England Russo-Polish war English Restoration Stuarts return to the throne Peasant revolt led by Stepan Razm in Russia Independence of Maharashtra proclaimed Glorious Revolution in England Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China 1699  1700-1721 1701-1714 1709, June 27 1710-1715 1711  1721  1728  1739  1740-1748 1756-1763 1757  1715-1759 1774 1767-1799 1768-1774 1775 1769  1773-1775 1774, September 5 to October 26 1775-1783 593 1776, July 4 1783  September 3 1785 1787 1788-1790 1789 July 14 August 4-11 August 26 October 5-6 November Treaty of Krrlowitz between Turkey, Austria, Poland and Yenetia. Northern War between Russia and Sweden. War of the Spanish Succession. Battle of Poltava: Russian victory over Swedes. Peasant levolt in the Punjab. Peter the Great establishes Senate. Peace of Nystad ends Northern War Russia proclaimed Empire. Treaty of Kyakhta between Russia and China Nadir Shah of Persia sacks Delhi. War of the Austrian Succession. Seven Years’ War between England and France. Closing of Chinese ports (except Macao) to foreign trade. Chinese conquest of Jungaria and Kashgaria. English defeat joint forces of Nabob of Oudh and Afghans at Buxar. Struggle of the princedom of Mysoie against the British. Russo-Turkish War. Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji: Turkey makes big concessions to Russia. China annexes Burma. Peasant rebellion in Russia led by Pugachov. First Continental Congress of Colonies. The American War of Independence. Second Continental Congress opens in Philadelphia. Declaration of Independence of the United States of America. Crimea annexed by Russia. Treaty of Versailles: American independence recognised. Catherine II’s "Letter of Grace to the Nobility”. Second Constitution of the United States drafted. Vietnam recognises Chinese protectorship. American Congress passes the Bill of Rights. The Storming of the Bastille marks the beginning of the French Revolution. Decrees of the French Constituent Assembly freeing peasants from feudal obligations for compensation. French Declaration of the Rights of Man. The march on Versailles. Decree of the French Constituent Assembly confiscating Church lands. 1796 1791, June 14 August 27 September 6 1792, April 20 August 10 September 21 1792-1807 1793, January 21 February 1 May 31-June 2 June 3-July 17 June 24 July 13 1794, March-April July 27 1795, August 22 1795-1799 594 1796-1804 1798, May-June 1798-1802 1799, November 9-10 1799-1804 1799 1801, February 9 1802, March 27 August 2 1803-1805 1804, May 18 1805, August October 21 December 2 December 26 1806, September 1809 Le Chapeher s law forbidding workers leagues in France Fust anti French coalition formed by Austria and Prussia French Constitution adopted France declares war on Austria Popular uprising in Pans monarchy overthrown National Convention opened France proclaimed Republic Reforms of the Turkish Sultan Selim III Execution of Louis XVI France declares war on England Popular uprising in Pans Jacobins establish revolutionary dictatorship Feudal rights and obligations abolished without compensation Convention adopts new French Constitution Assassination of Marat Arrest and execution of H£bertists and Dantonists Counter revolution of the 9th Thermidor Constitution of the Year III passed m France The Directory Conspiracy of Equals led by Gracchus Babeuf Peasant revolt in China led by the White Lotus secret society Vinegar Hill rebellion in Ireland Second coalition against France (England, the Kingdom of Naples, Austria Russia and Turkey) Coup d etat of the 18th Brumaire Napoleon comes to power Consulate rules France England conquers Mysore Peace of Luneville between France and Austria Peace of Amiens between Britain and France Napoleon proclaimed Consul for life East India Company makes war on Maratha states Napoleon crowned Emperor Third coalition against France (Britain Russia, and Austria) Battle of Trafalgar British navy defeats combined Franco-Spanish fleet Battle of Austerhtz Peace of Pressburg between France and Austria Fourth coalition against France (Britain, Prussia, Russia, Saxony and Sweden) 1806-1807 1807, February 8 June 14 July 7 595 October 14 1810-1815 1811, July 5 1811-1812 1812, June 24 September 7 September 14 1813, July 1 October 16-19 1814, March 31 April 6 1814, October 1S14 1815. March-June June 18 September 26 IS 16, July 9 1817-1818 1819, August 16 December 17 1820-1823 1820-1821 1821, March September 28 1822, September 7 1823, April 7 1824-1826 1824-1829 1825, December 14 1830, February 3 June 14 July 27-29 1831-1833 1831, 1834 1832, June 4 Continental System Napoleon declares blockade on England Battle of Preussisch-Eylau between Russians and French Battle of Fnedland Treaty of Tilsit between Fi incc. and Russia Fifth anti-French coalition (Austria and Britain) Treaty of Schonbrunn Austria makes peace with Franee First stage of Latin American wars of liberation Venezuela proclaimed Republic Luddite movement in England Napoleon invades Russia with Grande Armee Battle of Borodino French troops enter Moscow English Parliament repeals monopoly of East India Company m trade with India Battle of the Nations at Leipzig Allied armies enter Paris Restoration of Bourbon dynasty in France Congress of Vienna (to June 1815) Bourbon dynasty restored in Spam The Hundred Days Napoleon makes last bid for victory Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo Holy Alliance formed Declaration of the Independence of the eleven United Provinces of La Plata (became Republic of Argentina in 1826) England disbands the Marathd confederation Peterloo Massacre military disperses meeting for parliamentary reform at Manchester Republic of Great Colombia proclaimed Revolution in Spam Revolution in Italy Beginning of Greek War of Independence Mexican declaration of independence Brazil declares independence Central America adopts Act of Independence First Anglo-Burmese War Russo-Turkish War Decembrist uprising in St Petersburg Treaty of London Greek independence recognised French troops invade Algeria July Revolution in France War between Egypt and Turkey Revolts of Lyons textile workers Parliamentary Reform Bill passed in England 1834 1833, July 8 1844 1839  November 3 1839-1840 1839-1842 1839-1842 1839-1848 1S42, August 29 1844, June 4-5 1851 1845-1846, 1848-1849 1846-1848 1847, June 1848, February February 22-24 February 24 March 13-15 March 15 March 17-22 March 18-19 March 18-22 May 15-16 May 18 June 12-17 June 23-26 November 4 November 15 December 5 December 10 1848-1852 1849, April 14 May 3-July 23 June 16 August 22 August 1850-1856 596 December 2 597 Treaty of Unkiar Iskelessi between Russia and Tuikey Abolition of feudal military land tenure in Turkey Britain annexes Aden Tanzimat reform programme announced in Turkey Second Turco-Egyptian war First Anglo-Afghan War First Opium War (Britain/versus China) Chartist movement m England Treaty of Nanking Britain’s first unequal treaty with China Britain acquires Hongkong Revolt of Silesian textile workers USA and France sign unequal treaties with China Anglo-Sikh wars War between USA and Mexico League of the Just becomes Communist League Manifesto of the Communist Party by Marx and Engels Revolution in Pans July Monarchy overthrown Republic proclaimed in France Rising in Vienna Revolution in Hungary Revolution in Venetia Republic proclaimed Rising in Berlin Uprising in Milan Neapolitan uprising crushed All-German Parliament opens in Frankfurt Rising in Prague Workers of Paris revolt French Constituent Assembly passes Constitution of the Second Republic Rising in Rome Prussian Constituent Assembly dissolved Louis Napoleon elected President of the French Republic Babist uprising in Iran Hungarian Diet proclaims Hungary independent Uprisings in Saxony, Baden and the Palatinate Frankfurt Parliament disbanded Venetian Republic falls to Austnans Hungarian revolution suppressed T ai-P’mg Uprising in China T’ai-P’ing revolutionaries set up "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Prosperity" Coup d’etat by Louis Bonaparte 1852, December 2 1S53-1S56 1854, March 31 1855, February 7 1856-1860 1857-1859 1858  1858-1862 1859  1860. October-November 1861, February 18 March 3 (February 19) 1861-1865 1861 1863  May August 11 1864, September 28 1865, January 31 1867, February 8 August 15 1867-1868 1869, August 7-9 1870, July 19 September 1-2 September 4 1871, January 18 January 28 January March 18 March 19-27 Second Empire established in France Louis Bonaparte becomes Napoleon III Crimean War First Japanese-American treaty First Russo-Japanese treaty Second Opium War (Britain and France against China) “Indian Mutiny" developing into popular uprising against British rule China signs unequal treaties of Tientsin with Britain, France, Russia and USA French campaigns in Vietnam Moldavia and Walachia unite to form independent Kingdom of Rumania Peking treaties between China Britain, France and Russia Kingdom of Italy proclaimed Abolition of serfdom in Russia American Civil War Land and Freedom secret society founded in Russia Polish Insurrection (Jan 1863-Maith 1864) General Association of German Workers founded Cambodia becomes French protectorate International Working Men’s Association (First International) founded Abolition of slavery in USA Austro-Hunganan Dual Monarchy established Second parliamentary Reform Bill passed in England Bourgeois revolution in Japan (Meiji restoration) Inaugural Congiess of German Social-Democratic Party in Eisenach Outbreak of Franco-Prussian War French armies capitulate at Sedan Rising in Pans Fall of Second Empire Government of National Defence formed Wilhelm I of Prussia proclaimed Emperor of Germany Paris capitulates Armistice signed between France and Prussia Unification of Italy completed Uprising in Paris National Guard Central Committee assumes power Uprisings in France Communes proclaimed in Marseilles, Lyons, Toulouse and other towns 598 1871, March 26-28 April 16 May 10 May 28 1875, May 23-26 1876  1877, April 12 1877-1878 1878, June 4 June 13-July 13 1878-1880 1878-1890 1879, October 1880-1882 1881, March 1 November 15 1882, May 20 July-September 1883, October 1885, December 1886, January 1 1888, December-January 1889 1889, July 14-20 1890  1891, July 1892 1892-1893 1893, February 1 1893 1894-1895 1895, October 1 October-December 1895-1896 598 Elections held and Paris Commune proclaimed Germany adopts imperial Constitution Peace signed between Germany and France at Frankfurt-On-Main Pans Commune crushed Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany founded at Gotha Congress Populist underground re\olutionary organisation founded m Russia (named/ Land and Freedom from 1878) / Workers’ Labour Party founded in USA (name changed to Socialist Labour Party in 1877} Britain annexes the Transvaal Russo-Tuikish War Cyprus Convention between Britain and Tuikcy Cyprus ceded to Britain Congress of Berlin general Balkan settlement Second Anglo-Afghan War Anti-socialist law in force in Germany French Workers’ Party founded France seizes part of the Congo Tsar Alexander II assassinated by Populists Federation of organised trade unions and labour leagues founded in USA (to become American Federation of Labour in 1886) Secret alliance between Germany AustriaHungary and Italy—Triple Alliance British occupation of Egypt Russian Marxist Emancipation of Labour Group founded Indian National Congress party founded British annexation of Burma Social-Democratic Party of Austria formed Inaugural Congress of the Second International in Pans Hungarian Social-Democratic Party founded Bulgarian Social-Democratic Party founded Italian Socialist Party founded Rumanian Social-Democratic Party founded United States annexes Hawaii Franco Russian alliance Independent Labour Party founded in Britain Smo-Japanese Wai Madagascar becomes French protectorate The League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class founded in St Petersburg on Lenin’s initiative Italo-Abyssmian War 599 1898, March 13-15 April 21August 12 1899-1902 1899-1901 1900, February 1901, May 1903, July 30- August 23 1904-1905 1904, April 8 1905, January 22 January-February March June 27 September OctoberNovember October 30 (17) December 1905-1911 1908, July 23 October 5 October 7 1910, August 1910-1917 1911, July-November October 10 1912, August 25 October 9 1913, June 29August 10 July 1914, July 28 August 1 August 3 Fust Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party m Minsk. Spanish-American War. The Boer War. The Boxer (I Ho T’uan) Uprising in China Labour Representation Committee (LRC) founded in England (renamed Labour Party in 1906) Social-Democratic Party founded in Japan Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party \ppearance of two trends within the Party, the Bolshevik and the Menshevik Russo-Japanese War Anglo-French agi cement on Egypt, Morocco and other colonial possessions. Peaceful demonstration m St Petersburg dispeised with gunfire Beginning of the First Russian Revolution General strike of Ruhr miners First Moroccan crisis (to January 1906) Mutiny on the battleship Potemkin Mass political strike in Budapest Political strike throughout Russia Nicholas II publishes Manifesto promising the people political freedoms. Armed insurrection in Moscow, Kharkov, Chita and other towns throughout the Russian Empire. Revolution in Iran. “Young Turk" (bloodless) revolution Bulgarian independence proclaimed Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary Beginning of Bosnian crisis Japan annexes Korea. Mexican Revolution Second Moroccan crisis. Wuchang uprising marks beginning of Chinese Revolution (lasting to 1913) Founding of Kuommtang (National Party) in China First Balkan War (to May 30, 1913) Second Balkan War Beginning of the Second Revolution in China Austna-Hungary declares war on Serbia Germany declares war on Russia Germany declares war on France 600 1914, August 4 August 23 September 5-12 1915, January 18 May 23 1916, February 21-December 18 July 1-November 13 1917, March 12 March 15 April 6 June 16- July 7 Gei man invasion of Belgium Britain declares war on Germany Japan declares war on Germany Battle of the Marne Japan presents her Twenty-One Demands to China Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary Battle of Verdun Battle of the Somme Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution in Russia tsarism overthrown Provisional Government formed in Russia United States declares war on Germany First All-Russia Congress of Soviets of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies