277

p CHAPTER I

p  ^^1^^ V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 23, Progress Publishers, Moscow, p. 35.

p  ^^2^^ V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 27, pp. 367-68.

p  ^^3^^ USSR Foreign Policy Archives, s. 0129, r. 16, f. 2, pp. 32-35 (hereinafter—USSR FPA).

p  ^^4^^ Public Record Office, London, Cab. 23/75, p. 155; minutes of the British Cabinet meeting, February 22, 1933.

p ^^5^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 13, f. 21, p. 12. The U.S. Ambassador to the USSR, William Bullitt, did not conceal, in a conversation with B. S. Stomonyakov, member of the Board of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, on December 13, 1933, that "the British have, in fact, no objection against .Tapan overrunning Manchuria; neither would they object in any way to Japan overrunning Primoryc—Maritime Provinces, for the only thing that worried them was a possible Japanese advance south to the Great Wall, where the sphere of British interests began (USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 13, f. 55, pp. 56-57).

p  ^^6^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 24/250, p. 463, Memorandum of October 16, 1934.

p  ^^7^^ Pravda, January 19, 1948.

p  ^^8^^ Public Record Office, FO 371/17152, E. A. James’ Memo of Oc tober 21, 1933.

p  ^^9^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/76, p. 149.

p  ^^10^^ J >. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy, London, 1971, p. 553.

p  ^^11^^ Zentrales Slaalsarchiv (Potsdam), Film 10573, Hartmann’s letters of November 28, 1933, and January 10, 1934.

p  ^^12^^ The History of the Second World War, 1939-1945, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1973, pp. 99. 102 (in Russian).

p  ^^13^^ Foreign Relations of the United States (hereinafter—FRUS). The Soviet Union. 1933-1939, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1952, pp. 58-59.

p  ^^14^^ Izvestia, December 30, 1933.

278

p  ^^15^^ Hermann Rauschning, Gespraclic mil Hitler, Europa Verlag, Ziirich, 1940, S.S. 42, 115, 123, 126, 129, 138-39.

p  ^^16^^ R. Barthel, "Das Weltherrschaftsprogramm dor deulschen Imporialisten im zweiten Weltkrieg”, in: Militdnvescn. Zeilscltrift fur Militdrpolilik and Militarlheorie, Berlin. 11)01. Heft 10; A. Speer, Erinnerungen, Frankfurl/M, 1960, S. 175; Weltherrischajt im Visier. Dokumenlc. . .. Berlin. 1975. S. 21; Y. Thies. Architekl drr Weltherrschaft. Die "Endzii’lc" Hitters, Diisscldorf. 1976. S.S. 183-93.

p  ^^17^^ Quoted from: V. I. Dashichev, Bankruptcy of the Strategij of German Fascism. Historical Essays. Documents and Materials, Moscow, 1973, Vol. 1, p. 57 (in Russian).

p  ^^18^^ Hans-Adolf .Tacobsen, Nationalsozialistische Aussenpolitik. 1933- 1938, Alfred Metzner Verlag, Frankfurt/M., 1968, S.S. 12, 313; Deutsche Gcschichte seit der crsten Weltkrieg, Bd. 1, Stuttgart, 1971, S. 412, 414.

p  ^^19^^ H. Rauschning, Op. cit., S.S. 12, 17.

p  ^^20^^ K. Hildebrand, Deutsche Aussenpolitik 1933-1945. Kalkiil oder Dogma?, Stuttgart, 1971, S.S. 12, 15, 21. For details about the continuity of the aggressive policy of German ruling circles see: F. Fischer, Biindis der Eliten. Zur Kontinnitdt der Machts^ rnkluren in DenlscMand 1871-1945, Diisseldorf, 1979.

p L>1 Ernst von Weizsacker, Erinnerungen, Paul List Verlag, Miinchoii, 1950, S. 154.

p  ^^22^^ H. Rausclining, Op. cit., S. 107.

p  ^^23^^ Ibid., S. 112.

p  ^^24^^ The 17th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pp. 10-11 (in Russian).

p  ^^25^^ Gottfried Niedhardt, Grossbritannien und die Sowjetunion, 1934 1930, Wilhclm Fink Verlag, Miinchen, 1972, S. 62.

p 26-27 M(mi-i(H> Cowling. The Impact of Hitler, lirilish 1’nlilics anil British Policy 1933-1940, Cambridge University Press, London, 1975, p. 18.

p  ^^28^^ USSR FPA, s. 010, r. 8, f. 23, pp. 155-56.

p  ^^29^^ Doktim.ents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, ser. C, Vol. 1, U.S., Government Printing Office, Washington, 1957,

p pp. 161, 163-64.

p 3° Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, ser. 2, Vol. V, 1933, London, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1956, p. 360 (hereinafter—DBFP),

p  ^^31^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVI, p. 213.

p  ^^32^^ Ibid., ]). 852. The U.S. Government supported the Four Power Pact plans. The Italian Ambassador in Moscow, 11. Altolieo, said in a conversation with M. M. Lilvinov that, to judge by what the department of State had told the Italian Ambassador, the "U.S. 279 Government did not object at all to the Four Power Pact, but, on the contrary, followed the talks with sympathy" (USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 13, f. 4, p. 87).

p  ^^33^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVI, p. 254.

p  ^^34^^ The Daily Herald, April 20, 1933.

p  ^^35^^ Documents diplomatiques franqais 1932-1939, ser. I, t. Ill, Paris, Iinprimerie Nationale, 1967, p. 22 (hereinafter—DDF).

p  ^^36^^ A. V. Lunacharsky, Articles and Speeches on International Affairs, Moscow, 1959, p. 408 (in Russian).

p  ^^37^^ Central State History Archives of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (hereinafter—CSHAL); DDF, ser. I, t. V, pp. 96-97.

p  ^^38^^ The Seventh World Congress of the Communist International. Resolutions and Decisions, Co-operative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, Moscow-Leningrad, 1935, p. 36.

p  ^^39^^ I. V. Mikhutina, Soviet-Polish Relations. 1931-1935, Moscow, 1977, p. 200 (in Russian).

p  ^^40^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1747, p. 103.

p  ^^41^^ Public Record Office, FO 371/19460.

p  ^^42^^ FRUS. The Soviet Union 1933-1939, p. 60.

p  ^^43^^ Public Record Office, FO 371/17152, p. 217.

p  ^^44^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVI, p. 226.

p  ^^45^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 14, f. 117, pp. 227-28.

p  ^^46^^ History of Diplomacy Archives, microfilm fund, F. Charwal’s letter of December 29, 1933, to Poland’s Ministry for Foreign Affairs (hereinafter—HDA).

p  ^^47^^ CSHAL, s. 13l3v, r. 22, f. 67, p. 149.

p  ^^18^^ Documents on German Foreign Policy (hereinafter—DGFP), Sor. D, Vol. 5, London, 1953, p. 536.

p  ^^49^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 14, f. 117, pp. 8-9.

p  ^^50^^ Ibid., pp. 1-2, 8.

p  ^^51^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVII, Moscow, 1971, p. 50.

p  ^^52^^ Ibid., p. 588.

p  ^^53^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, p. 143. ^^51^^ Public Record Office, FO 418/80, p. 33.

p  ^^55^^ Zcntrales Staatsarchiv (Potsdam), Film 10015.

p  ^^56^^ fzvestia, July 26, 1930. " Pravda, July 20, 1930.

p  ^^58^^ V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 31, p. 470.

280

p  ^^59^^ The. Struggle Against Imperialist War and the Tasks of the Communists. Resolution of the Sixth World Congress of the Communist International, Workers Library Publishers, New York City, 1932, p. 12.

p  ^^60^^ D. Z. Manuilsky, Revolutionary Crisis, Fascism and War, Cooperative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, Moscow-Leningrad, 1934, pp. 28, 37.

p  ^^61^^ For the Unity of All Revolutionary nnd Democratic Forces, Moscow, 1966, p. 19 (in Russian).

p  ^^62^^ The Seventh World Congress of the Communist International.

p Resolutions and Decisions, p. 44.

p  ^^63^^ Ibid., p. 39.

p  ^^64^^ The Seventh Congress of the Communist International, Foreign Languages Publishing House. Moscow, 1939. p. 540.

p  ^^65^^ D. Z. Manuilsky, The Results of the Seventh World Congress of the Communist International. Report at the Moscow and Leningrad Meetings of Party Activists, Moscow, 1935, pp. 32-33 (in Russian).

p  ^^66^^ The 17th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pp. 13-14.

p  ^^67^^ The Constitution (Fundamental Lau>) of the. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House.

p Moscow, 1977, p. 33.

p  ^^68^^ George F. Kennan, Soviet Foreign Policy W17-1941, D. van Nostrand Co. Inc.. Princeton. New Jersey, 1960. pp. 83-84.

p  ^^69^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVI, pp. 310-11.

p  ^^70^^ Ibid., p. 161.

p  ^^71^^ Ibid., p. 832.

p  ^^72^^ Ibid., p. 845.

p  ^^73^^ Ibid., p. 380.

p  ^^74^^ Ibid., p. 348.

p  ^^75^^ Ibid., pp. 357-58.

p  ^^76^^ Izvestia, Dec. 30, 1933.

p  ^^77^^ The Nation, Dec. 28, 1932, p. 633.

p  ^^78^^ Collier’s, Oct. 11, 1947, p. 21.

p  ^^79^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVI, p. 300.

p  ^^80^^ Ibid., pp. 564-65.

p  ^^81^^ Ibid., p. 641.

p  ^^82^^ Izvestia, Dec. 30, 1933. U.S. diplomat, Ch. Bohlen admitted: "Roosevelt was right in considering that the Soviet Union was becoming an important factor in the world" (Ch. E. Bohlen, Witness to History. 1929-1969, New York, 1973, p. 40).

281

p  ^^83^^ The 17th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, p. 14.

p  ^^84^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVI, p. 417.

p  ^^85^^ Ibid., pp. 573-74.

p  ^^86^^ USSR FPA, s. 0129, r. 16. f. 2, p. 34.

p  ^^87^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 13, f. 78, p. 204. The Government of China also showed interest in the conclusion of the Pacific Pact.

p  ^^88^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Pollen, Vol. XVII, p. 164.

p  ^^89^^ Ibid., p. 179.

p  ^^90^^ Ibid., p. 327.

p  ^^91^^ FRUS 1934, Vol. Ill, Washington, 1950, p. 180.

p  ^^92^^ DBFP 1919-1939, scr. 2, Vol. XIII, London, 1973, pp. 32-33.

p  ^^93^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 24/250, pp. 462-63.

p  ^^94^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. Ill, Moscow, 1959, p. 103.

p  ^^95^^ Ibid., Vol. XVI, p. 735.

p  ^^96^^ Ibid., p. 747.

p  ^^97^^ Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, p. 171; Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy. Vol. XVII, p. 307.

p  ^^58^^ Documents on Soviel-Polisli Relations, Vol. VI, p. 171.

p  ^^59^^ Marian Wojciechowsld, Slosunki polsho-niemeckie 1933-1938, Poznan, Instytut Zahodni, 1965, p. 92.

p  ^^100^^ H. Rauschning, Gesprache mit Hitler, Op. cit, S. 113.

p  ^^101^^ G. Gafoncu, Last Days of Europe. A Diplomatic Journey in 1939, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1948, p. 52.

p  ^^102^^ Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, p. 161.

p  ^^103^^ V. M. Heizman, The USSR and the Disarmament Problem, p. 370.

p  ^^104^^ Izvestia, May 30, 1934.

p  ^^105^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVII, pp. 718-19. roe Ibid., p. 830.

p  ^^107^^ Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. 1, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1948, pp. 77-78.

p  ^^108^^ The term “Machtpolitik” “(power politics”) has long since established itself in the political vocabulary of German imperialism.

p  ^^109^^ Izvcstia, July 9, 1933.

p  ^^110^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVI, p. 521.

p  ^^111^^ Ibid., p. 684.

p  ^^112^^ Ibid., pp. 577, 595, 682.

p  ^^113^^ Ibid., pp. 695-96, 736.

282

p  ^^114^^ Ibid., pp. 876-77; The History of the. Communist Party of the Soviet, Union, Vol. IV, Book 2, Moscow, 1971, pp. 28-29 (in Russian).

p  ^^115^^ The 192.ri Locarno Agreement, which was expected to guarantee security in Western Europe, used to be called the Western Pact. The regional agreement proposed by the Soviet Union, designed to secure peace in Eastern Europe, was first referred to in the West as Eastern Locarno, but subsequently came to be known as Hie "Eastern Pact".

p  ^^116^^ Under Article 17 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, the same sanctions were to be applied against nn aggressor that was not a member of the League. When the Covenant of the League of Nations was drawn up, it was stipulated that these guarantees of aid were collective (not individual). This meant that assistance to the victim of aggression was to be provided by all members of the League of Nations together, collectively. No state in isolation was under obligation to apply sanction against an aggressor unless there was a decision by the Council of the League of Nations concerning sanctions, equally binding on all of its members.

p  ^^117^^ .1. Paul-Boncour. Entrc deux gucrrcs, Souvenirs. New York, 1946, pp. 368-69.

p  ^^118^^ Pravda, Dec. 30, 1933.

p “a Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVI, pp. 773, 876.

p  ^^120^^ Ibid., Vol. XVII, pp. 309-10; DDE, ser. I, t. VI, 1972, pp. 376-78.

p  ^^121^^ E. llerriot, ladis. D’une guerre a I’antre 1914-19,16, Elaiiiinarioii, Paris, 1952, pp. 437-38.

p  ^^122^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVII, p. 480.

p  ^^123^^ J. Beck, Dernier rapport. Politiqne polonaise. 1926-193’,), Noucliatel-Paris, 1951, pp. 281-83.

p  ^^124^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVII, pp. 371, 412.

p  ^^125^^ Zentrales Staatsarchiv (Potsdam), Auswartigcs Amt, Film 10577.

p  ^^126^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVII, p. 387.

p  ^^127^^ Ibid, p. 433.

p  ^^128^^ Oswald Hauser, England und das Dritte Reich, Bd. I, 1933 bis 1936, Seewald Verlag, Stuttgart 1972, S.S. 110, 247.

p  ^^129^^ DGFP, ser. C, Vol. II, pp. 901-02, Vol. Ill, p. 146;

p  ^^130^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy; Vol. XVIII, p. 74.

p  ^^131^^ Parliamentary Debates. House of Commons, Vol. 292, col. 695, London, 1934]

p  ^^132^^ DGFP. ser. C, Vol. Ill, p. 202.

p  ^^133^^ Foster Hhea Dxilles, The Road to Teheran. The Story of Russia and America, 1781-1943, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. 1944, p. 212.

283

p  ^^134^^ Public, Record Office, FO 419/28, p. 224.

p 13r> Documents on Sovicl-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, pp. 217-19.

p  ^^136^^ Correspondence Showing the Course of Certain Diplomatic Discussions Directed Towards Securing an European Settlement, London, 1936, pp. 9-14.

p  ^^137^^ Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, pp. 228-30.

p  ^^138^^ Izveslia, January 4, 1934.

p  ^^139^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVII, p. 501.

p  ^^140^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVII, p. 371.

p  ^^141^^ Izvestia, Sept. 17, 1934.

p  ^^142^^ F. P. Walters, A History of the League of Nations, Vol. II, Oxford University Press, London, New York, Toronto, 1952, p. 584.

p  ^^143^^ Jzveslia. Sept, 20, 1934.

p  ^^144^^ F. P. Walters, op. cit, p. 563.

p  ^^145^^ Dietrich Geyer (Hrsg.), Sowjetunion. Ausscnpolitik (1917-1955), Koln, 1972, S. 267.

p us Vaclav Krai, Spojenectvi ceskoslovensko-sovetske v evropske politice. 1935-1939, Academia, Praha, 1970, s. 42.

p  ^^147^^ International Affairs, No. 7, 1963, p. 120.

p  ^^148^^ USSR FPA. s. 05, r. 14, f. 117, pp. 227-28.

p  ^^149^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, p. 251. ’r’° Ibid., p. 259.

p  ^^151^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 15, f. 122, pp. 92-93.

p  ^^152^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, pp. 266, 280; Pravda, April 12, 1935.

p  ^^153^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, p. 281.

p  ^^154^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 15, f. 112, pp. 179, 180-81.

p  ^^155^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, pp. 309-12.

p  ^^156^^ The Foreign Policy of Czechoslovakia. 1918-1939, Moscow, 1959, p. 366 (in Russian).

p  ^^157^^ Genevieve Tabouis, Vingt arts de ’suspense’ diplomatique, Editions Albin Michel, Paris, 1958, p. 237.

p  ^^158^^ Jean Szembck, Journal 1933-1939. Plon, Paris, 1952, p. 72.

p  ^^159^^ DGFP, ser. C, Vol. IV, London, 1962, p. 158.

p  ^^160^^ V. Krai, Spojenectvi ceskoslovensko-sovetske v evropske politice. 1935-1939, s. 57.

p  ^^161^^ Ibid., s. 65-66.

p  ^^162^^ Public Record Office, FO 418/80.

p  ^^163^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, pp. 337, 362.

284

p  ^^164^^ DGFP, sor. C, Vol. IV, London, 1062, pp. 352 355.

p  ^^165^^ Ibid., p. 356.

p  ^^166^^ Ibid., pp. 493-94.

p  ^^167^^ Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, p. 275.

p  ^^168^^ DDF, ser. 2, t. II, Paris, 1964, pp. 15-16.

p  ^^169^^ Lex evencments survenns en France de 1933 a 194!). Temnignagcs et documents recneillis par la commission d’enr/uete parlementaire, i. I, Paris, Press Universitaires do Franco, p. 142; DBFP, ser. 2, Vol. XIII, p. 280.

p  ^^170^^ DDF. ser. 2, t. Ill, Paris, 1966, p. 510.

p  ^^171^^ The History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941- 7.94,5, Vol. I, p. 88 (in Russian).

p  ^^172^^ LCS evenemenls survenns en France de J933 a 1945. Temoignages.. ., op. cit., t. I, p. 90.

p  ^^173^^ Monrin, Maxime, Les relations franco-sovietiques (1917-1967),

p Payot, Paris, 1967, pp. 212-13.

p  ^^174^^ Ibid., p. 213.

p  ^^175^^ M. Gamelin. Servir. Le prologue da dramc (1930-aont 1939), t. 2. Librairio Plon. Paris. 1940. p. 166.

p  ^^176^^ DDF. ser. 2, t. TV, pp. 787-88; Documents on Soviet Foreign. Policy, Vol. XX, p. 703.

p CHAPTER II

p  ^^1^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/81, pp. 30, 32.

p  ^^2^^ DBFP, ser. 2, Vol. XII, London, 1972, pp. 430-31.

p  ^^3^^ Ibid., p. 471.

p  ^^4^^ Times, Fob. 4, 1935.

p  ^^5^^ DBFP, ser. 2, Vol. XII, pp. 501-02.

p  ^^6^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, p. 74.

p  ^^7^^ Ibid., p. 99.

p  ^^8^^ Public Record Office, ab. 23/81, p. 204-207.

p  ^^9^^ DBFP, Ser. 2, Vol. XII, pp. 703-46.

p  ^^10^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, pp. 157, 165.

p  ^^11^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/81, pp. 184-85.

p  ^^12^^ V. I. Popov, Diplomatic Relations Between the USSR and Britain (19S9-1939), Moscow, 1965, p. 182 (in Russian).

p  ^^13^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, p. 235; I. M. Maisky, Memoirs of a Soviet Diplomat, Moscow, 1971, pp. 295-96 (in Russian).

285

p  ^^14^^

p Public Record Office, Cab. 23/81, pp. 297-99.

p l:<

p DBFP, sor. 2, Vol. XII, p. 879.

p  ^^16^^ Ibid., p. 883.

p  ^^17^^ Ibid., p. 927.

p  ^^18^^ DBFP, sor. 2, Vol. X11I, p. 224. i!1

p ^^19^^ lliid., p. 339.

^^20^^ p Ibid., p. 375.

p ^^21^^ W. S. Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. I, Boston, 1949, p. 140.

p ^^22^^ Zentralos Slaalsarchiv (Potsdam), Auswiirtiges Aint, Film 65643.

p ;’:l Op. cit., Film 10577.

p :M USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 15, 1. 89, f. 17, p. 139.

p -r> ian Colvin, Vansiltart in Office, Victor Gollancz Ltd., London, 1965, p. 40.

p :>(i During the Second World War, England lost over 4,000 vessels sunk mostly by Gorman raiders and submarines.

p ^^1^^ DBFP, ser. 2, Vol. XIII, p. 287. ^^28^^ Ibid., p. 300. w Ibid., p. 491.

p :i" The text of Laval’s secret accords with Mussolini are to be found in the book The Origins of the Second World War, Ed. by E. M. Robertson, MacMillan, St. Martin’s Press, London, 1971,

p pp. 235-39.

p  ^^31^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1444, p. 98.

p  ^^32^^ Public Rocord Office, Cab. 24/256, p. 217. t:> I. Colvin, op. cit., p. 59.

p  ^^34^^ Izvestia, 6 September 1935.

p  ^^35^^ M. Litvinov, Foreign Policy of the USSR. Speeches and Statements. 1927-1937, Second enlarged edition, Moscow, 1937, p. 137 (in Russian).

p  ^^36^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1408, p. 119.

p  ^^37^^ The Times, 12 September 1935.

p  ^^38^^ Stephen Roskill, Hankey. Man of Secrets. Vol. Ill, 1931-1963, Collins, London, 1974, p. 182.

p 3!) Chips. The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon, Ed. by R. H. James, Weidonl’eld and Nicolson, London, 1967, p. 41.

p  ^^40^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 15, f. 123, pp. 64-65.

p  ^^41^^ Stephen Roskill, Op. cit., p. 182.

p  ^^42^^ Pravda, 11 October 1935, 4 November 1935.

286

p & Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, pp. 560-561.

p ^^44^^ M. Cowling, The Impact o] Hitler. British Politics and British Policy. 1933-1940, London, 11)75, p. ’J’J.

p  ^^411^^ USSR 1’TA, s. 010, r. 10, f. 48, 1035, p. 100.

p  ^^16^^ Public Record Ol’lico, Cab. 23/82, pp. 337, 340, 345, 355. Laval also pointed out the "great danger that Communism can overthrow the, regime in Italy, and Europe would hardly survive this storm”. (G. Tsvetkov, U.S. Policy Towards the USSR on the Eve of the Second World War, Kiev, 1973, p. 97, in Russian.)

p  ^^47^^ Public Record Office, pp. 384-89. ^^46^^ Ibid., Cab. 24/260, p. 314.

p  ^^49^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 16, f. 23, p. 261.

p  ^^50^^ Klaus llildebrand, Deutsche Aussenpolilik. 1933-7945. Kalkiil odcr Dogma?, Stuttgart, 1971, S. 47.

p  ^^51^^ DDF, Ser. 2, t. I, Paris, 1963, pp. 187-88.

p  ^^52^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 24/259, p. 56.

p " Oswald Hauscr, England and das Drille Reich, Bd. I, 1933 bis 1936, Seewald Verlag, Stuttgart, 1972, S. 174, 175.

p  ^^54^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/81, p. 28.

p  ^^55^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/83, pp. 237-40.

p  ^^56^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1606, p. 77.

p  ^^57^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XIX, pp. 129, 131, 731-32.

p  ^^58^^ DDF 1932-39, ser. 2 (1936-1939), t. I, Paris, 1963, p. 628.

p s9 Ibid., p. 525.

p  ^^60^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 24/261, p. 190.

p  ^^61^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/622, pp. 50-61, Cab. 27/626, pp. 84-89.

p  ^^62^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1582, p. 110.

p  ^^63^^ M. Cowling, The Impact of Hitler..., Op. cit., pp. 147, 463.

p  ^^64^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/83, pp. 288, 292.

p  ^^65^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XIX, p. 142.

p  ^^66^^ Pravda, 19 March 1936.

p  ^^67^^ Pravda, 24 March 1936.

p  ^^68^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1583, p. 37.

p  ^^69^^ L. B. Namier, Europe in Decay, MacMillan & Co. Ltd., London, 1950, p. 11.

p  ^^70^^ FRUS. Diplomatic Papers. The Soviet Union 1933-1939, Washington, 1952, p. 294.

p  ^^71^^ Pravda, 24 March 1936.

287

p  ^^72^^ Public Record Office, FO 418/81, pp. 78-79".

p  ^^73^^ Ibid., p. 55.

p  ^^71^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XIX, p. 63,

p  ^^75^^ Ibid., pp. 210-11.

p  ^^76^^ Public Record Office, FO 371/20339.

p  ^^77^^ Quoted from: Manfred Funke (Hrsg.), Hitler, Deutschland und

p die Miichte, Droste Verlag, Diisseldorf, 1977, S. 649.

p  ^^78^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/83, p. 292.

p  ^^79^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 21/438; G. Niedhardt, Grossbritannien und die Sowjetunion 1934-1939, Op. cit., S. 238.

p  ^^80^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 418/81, p. 92.

p  ^^81^^ FRUS. Diplomatic Papers. The Soviet Union. .., Op. cit., p. 283.

p  ^^82^^ M. Litvinov, Foreign Policy of the USSR. Speeches and statements, p. 165.

p  ^^83^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XIX, p. 338.

p  ^^84^^ F. P. Walters, A History of the League of Nations, Vol. II, London, New York, Toronto, 1952, p. 585.

p  ^^85^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1583, p. 37.

p  ^^86^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/622, p. 81.

p  ^^87^^ Ibid.

p  ^^88^^ FRUS, 1937, Vol. 1, Washington, 1954, p. 188.

p  ^^89^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, Moscow, 1977, p. 20.

p  ^^90^^ FRUS, 1937, Vol. 1, p. 265. ^^01^^ G. Tsvetkov, Op. cit, p. 69.

p  ^^92^^ Documents on German Foreign Policy. 1918-1945, ser. D, Vol. 3, London, 1951, p. 763.

p  ^^83^^ Die Weizsacker Papiere 1933-1950, Hrsg. vom L. E. Hill, Propylaen Verlag, Fr./M, 1974, S. 102.

p  ^^94^^ Guerra y Revolucion en Espana 1936-1936, Tomo 1, Editorial Progreso, Moscow, 1967, pp. 202-03.

p  ^^65^^ Ibid., pp. 205-06. Subsequently Mussolini admitted, in a conversation with Chamberlain, that Italy had lost 50 thousand men in Spain (DBFP, ser. 3, Vol. II, London, 1949, p. 632).

p  ^^96^^ Chips. The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon, Op. cit., p. 73.

p  ^^87^^ History of Diplomacy, Second edition, Vol. Ill, p. 632 (in Russian).

p  ^^88^^ V. I. Popov, Diplomatic Relations Between the USSR and Britain,

p pp. 287, 295 (in Russian).

p  ^^99^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 16, f. 24, pp. 54-55.

288

p IM ibid, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1565, pp. 168-69. ^^101^^ Ibid., s. 05, r. IB, L 123, pp. 111-12.

p  ^^12^^ Ibid, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1608, p. 138; s. 05, r. 16, f. 123, p. 124. Papers and Memoirs of Jozef Lipsky, New York, 1968, p. 277.

p  ^^104^^ Robert Bendiner, The Riddle of the State Department, Ferrar and Rinehart, Inc., New York, 1942, p. 56.

p  ^^105^^ William E. Dodd, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary 1933-1938, Brace llarcourt, Brace and Co, New York, 1941, p. 378.

p  ^^106^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XIX, p. 418.

p  ^^107^^ Izveslia, 8 October 1936.

p  ^^108^^ Izveslia, 24 October 1936.

p  ^^109^^ Guerra ij Rcvoluci6n en Espafia 1936-1939, Tomo II, p. 101.

p  ^^110^^ Ciano’s Diplomatic Papers, Odhams Press Limited, London, 1948, pp. 57-59.

p  ^^111^^ L. N. Kutakov, A History of Soviet-Japanese Diplomatic Relations, p. 155 (in Russian).

p  ^^112^^ USSR FPA, s. 010, r. 11, f. 34, p. 14.

p  ^^113^^ Der Nationalsozialismus. Dokumente 1933-1945, llrsg. VV. Hotel’, Fischer Biicherei, Fr./M, 1957, S. 192.

p 114 y_ ’^_ Fomin, Fascist Germany’s Aggression in Europe. 1933-1939, Moscow, 1963, p. 212 (in Russian).

p  ^^115^^ USSR FPA, s. Oil, r. 2, f. 203, pp. 2-5.

p "^^6^^ Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, Ser. L>, Vol. Ill London, 1951, p. 169.

p  ^^117^^ Izveslia, 12 September 1937.

p  ^^118^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 18, f. 160, p. 30.

p  ^^1141^^ G. N. Sevostianov, Great Power Policies in the Far East on Ike. Eve of the Second World War, Moscow, 1961, pp. 20-21 (in Russian).

p  ^^120^^ Summer Welles, The Time for Decision, Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, 1944, p. 64.

p  ^^121^^ Izvestia, 1 August 1937.

p  ^^122^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 15, f. 122, pp. 126, 128-29.

p 12a Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, p. 239.

p  ^^124^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, £. 1263, p. 270.

p  ^^125^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XVIII, pp. 662-63. ^^126^^ DGFP, Ser. C, Vol. IV, p. 952.

p  ^^127^^ L. N. Kutakov, A History of Soviet-Japanese Diplomatic Relations, pp. 220-21.

289

p 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 110 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148

p Soviet-Mongolian Relations. 1921-1974. Documents and Materials, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1975, p. 548 (in Russian).

p Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XIX, p. 197.

p Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, Moscow, 1976, p. 117.

p Ibid, pp. 155, 701.

p USSR FPA, s. 09, r. 30, f. 180, pp. 117-22.

p Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, pp. 266, 278.

p Ibid, pp. 303-04.

p Ibid, p. 310.

p Ibid, p. 732.

p Ibid, p. 338.

p Izvestia, 22 July 1937.

p Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, p. 394.

p USSR FPA, s. 09, r. 30, f. 180, pp. 72-73.

p Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, pp. 394, 430, 438.

p Ibid, pp. 385, 393, 400.

p Ibid, p. 389.

p Ibid, pp. 430, 701.

p Ibid, p. 738.

p Pravda, 30 August 1937.

p Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, p. 747.

p A. G. Yakovlev, "The USSR and the Struggle of the Chinese People Against Japanese Aggression (1931-1945)" in: Leninist Policy of the USSR Towards China, Moscow, 1968, pp. 102-03 (in Russian).

p USSR FPA, s. 09, r. 30, f. 180, pp. 74-75.

p Soviet Peace Efforts on the Eve of World War II. Documents and Records, Moscow, 1971, p. 650 (hereinafter: Soviet Peace Efforts. ..).

p FRUS, 1937, Vol. Ill, Washington, 1954, pp. 403-04, 477, 568.

p USSR FPA, s. 09, r. 27, f. 57, pp. 24-26.

p USSR FPA, s. 09. r. 27, f. 61, p. 14.

p Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, p. 333.

p Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, p. 478.

p Izvestia, 22 September 1937.

p F. P. Walters, A History of the League of Nations, Vol. II, p. 783.

p Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, pp. 752-53.

p 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158

290

p  ^^159^^ Anthony Eden’s private secretary, Oliver Harvey noted in his diaries of October-November, 1937, that Chamberlain was " strongly opposed Lo any sort, of economic boycott" of Japan. "On no account will I impose a sanction,” he declared. (The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1937-1940, Collins, London, 1970, pp. 49, 50).

p  ^^160^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, p. 530.

p  ^^161^^ FRUS, 1937, Vol. Ill, pp. 570-71.

p  ^^162^^ The Sino-Japanesc Conflict and the League of Nations. 1937,

p Geneva, 1937, pp. 64-80.

p  ^^163^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 17, f. 90, p. 20.

p  ^^164^^ FRUS, 1937, Vol. IV, pp. 85-86; The Moffat Papers. Selections from the Diplomatic Journals of Jay Pierrepont Moffat 1919-1943, Harvard University Press, Cambr. (Mass.), 1956, p. 157.

p  ^^165^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/626, p. 246.

p  ^^166^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, p. 762.

p  ^^167^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 17, f. 1, pp. 345-46.

p  ^^168^^ FRUS, 1937, Vol. IV, pp. 119-20.

p  ^^169^^ The Conference of Brussels, November 3-24, 1937, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1938, pp. 26, 27.

p  ^^170^^ Ibid., p. 34.

p  ^^171^^ FRUS, 1937, Vol. IV, pp. 157-58.

p  ^^172^^ Izvestia, 15 November 1937.

p  ^^173^^ FRUS, 1937, Vol. IV, pp. 198-99.

p  ^^174^^ The Conference of Brussels..., pp. 76-77.

p  ^^175^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, p. 617.

p  ^^176^^ Ibid., pp. 622-23.

p  ^^177^^ Izvestia, 16 May 1938.

p  ^^178^^ Pravda, 23 February 1938.

p  ^^179^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, p. 174.

p  ^^180^^ D. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy, London, 1971, p. 692.

p  ^^181^^ Pravda, 18 July 1938.

p  ^^182^^ Izvestia, 22 July 1938.

p  ^^183^^ Quoted from: M. Y. Raginsky and S. Y. Rosenblit, International Trial of Major Japanese War Criminals, Moscow-Leningrad, 1950. p. 260 (in Russian).

p  ^^184^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, p. 697.

p  ^^185^^ Ibid., p. 43.

p  ^^186^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 18, f. 3, p. 125.

291

p  ^^187^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/623, pp. 317-21.

p  ^^188^^ Ibid., pp. 307-10.

p  ^^189^^ Soviet Peace Efforts. . ., p. 21’J. ’1JO

p Ibid., p. 219.

p  ^^191^^ Keith Middleinas, Diplomacy of Illusion. The British Government and Germany, 1937-39, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1972, pp. 257-58.

p  ^^192^^ B. A. Borodin, Soviet Aid to the Chinese People in Their AntiJapanese War. 1937-1941, Moscow, 1965, pp. 160-72 (in Russian).

p  ^^193^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, pp. 410, 732.

p  ^^194^^ Ibid., pp. 462-68, 475-77.

p  ^^195^^ Ibid., pp. 482, 486.

p CHAPTER III

p  ^^1^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 15, f. 122, p. 208. The strengthening of Nazi Germany, the People’s Commissar wrote, will inevitably draw Romania into the German orbit, thereby "opening the gateway for her into the Ukraine where Poland is pushing her".

p  ^^2^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XIX, p. 61.

p  ^^3^^ The USSR in Action for the Independence of Austria, Moscow, 1965, p. 17 (in Russian).

p  ^^4^^ International Military Tribunal. Trial of the Major War Criminals, Bd. XXXIV, p. 408.

p  ^^5^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 18, f. 1, pp. 11-13.

p  ^^6^^ W. Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. I, Op. cit., pp. 222-23.

p  ^^7^^ Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, Ser. D, Vol. 1, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1949, pp. 165, 167.

p  ^^8^^ Robert Sencourt, "The Foreign Policy of Neville Chamberlain”, in: The Quarterly Review, April 1954, No. 600, p. 153.

p  ^^9^^ The Eden Memoirs. Facing the Dictators, Cassell, London, 1962, p. 559.

p  ^^10^^ IDA, Microfilm bank, records of the Beck-Eden conversation in London, 19 May 1937. In his recollections, Anthony Eden tried to present himself as a consistent opponent of aggression and supporter of collective security, but there is no documentary evidence, not even British, to bear him out.

p  ^^11^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 18, f. 6, p. 24.

p  ^^12^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, pp. 632, 688, 764-65.

p  ^^13^^ Ibid., p. 613.

p  ^^14^^ The Ironside Diaries 1937-1940, Constable, London, 1962, p. 48.

292

p  ^^15^^ FRUS, 1938, Vol. 1, p. 29.

p  ^^16^^ FRUS, 1937, Vol. 1, p. 142.

p  ^^17^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, p. 595.

p  ^^18^^ S. Welles, Seven Decisions That Shaped History, Now York, 1950, p. 251.

p  ^^19^^ Frederick L. Schuman, Soviet Politics. At Home and Abroad, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1946, p. 282.

p  ^^20^^ Documents and Materials Relating to the Eve of the Second World War, Vol. I, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1948, pp. 19, 20, 34, 35.

p  ^^21^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/90, p. 168.

p  ^^22^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/626, pp. 256-57.

p  ^^23^^ IDA, the letter of 3 December 1937, from the Latvian Minister in Warsaw, M. Walters, to the Latvian Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

p  ^^24^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/90, p. 219.

p  ^^25^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/623, p. 41.

p  ^^26^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, p. 109.

p  ^^27^^ DGFP, Ser. D, Vol. I, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1949, p. 253.

p  ^^28^^ Ibid., pp. 271, 272.

p  ^^29^^ Ibid., p. 262.

p  ^^30^^ International Military Tribunal. Trial of the Major War Criminals, Vol. XXXIV, p. 337.

p  ^^31^^ Keith Felling, The Life of Neville Chamberlain, London, MacMillan & Co. Ltd., 1946, p. 342.

p  ^^32^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1928, pp. 200-02.

p  ^^33^^ A History of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1945, Vol. I, Moscow, 1976, p. 341 (in Russian).

p  ^^34^^ Izvestia, 18 March 1938.

p  ^^35^^ Pravda, 25 March 1938.

p  ^^36^^ FRUS, 1937, Vol. I, p. 147.

p  ^^37^^ Papers and Memoirs of Jozef Lipski..., Op. cit., pp. 314-16, 360, 427.

p  ^^38^^ DGFP, Ser. D, Vol. V, p. 38.

p  ^^39^^ Documents ...on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, pp. 348-49.

p  ^^40^^ Ibid, p. 334.

p  ^^41^^ Socialist Revolutions in the Baltic Countries in 1940, Moscow, 1978, pp. 144-45 (in Russian).

p  ^^42^^ Przeglad Powszechny, 1938, No. 4.

293

p 59 60

p 6! 62

p 63 64 65

p Soviet-Polish Relations. 1918-1945. Collected Articles, Moscow, 1974, p. 215 (in Russian).

p Papers and Memoirs of Jozef Lipski..., Op. cit., pp. 323, 328, 331, 333, 336.

p Ibid., pp. 348, 350.

p Ibid., pp. 353, 354.

p Ibid., p. 354.

p DGFP, Ser. D, Vol. V, pp. 433, 437.

p Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, p. 154 (in Russian) .

p Ibid, p. 130.

p Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, pp. 343-44.

p A. A. Shevyakov, Soviet-Romanian Relations and the Problem of European Security. 1932-1939, Moscow, 1977, pp. 196-97 (in Russian).

p Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XX, pp. 431-32. DGFP, Ser. D, Vol. I, pp. 916-17.

p Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945, Ser. D, Vol. II, United Stales Government Printing Office, Washington, 1949, p. 198.

p Documents on the Background to the Munich Sellout. 1937-1938, Moscow, 1979, pp. 53-54 (in Russian).

p Izvestia, 18 March 1938.

p International Affairs, No. ti, 1973. West German historian Fabry admits that in the face of the Czechoslovak crisis, Litvinov tried again to breathe new life into the policy of collective security (Ph. W. Fabry, Die Sowjelunion und das Dritte Reich, Stuttgart, 1971, S. 63).

p Public Record Office, Cab 27/623, p. 139.

p Das Abkommen von Miinchen 1938. Tschechoslowakische diplomatische Dokumentc, Praha, 1968, S. 89.

p Public Record Office, Cab. 27/623, pp. 187-92.

p Ibid, pp. 164, 172.

p DBFP 1919-1939, Ser. 3, Vol. I, 1938, London, 1949, pp. 83-86.

p Ibid, pp. 96-97.

p E. von Weizsacker, Erinnerungen, Miinchen, 1950, S. 154.

p Parliamentary Debates. House o\ Commons, London, 1938, Vol. 333, Col. 1406.

p General Gainclin, Servir. Le prologue du drame (1930-aout 1939), P. Librarie Plon, 1946, pp. 321-24.

p USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 18, f. 158, p. 25.

294

p  ^^69^^ The Memoirs of Cordell Hall, Vol. I, New York, The MacMillan Company, 1948, pp. 658-59.

p  ^^70^^ USSR FPA, s. 0129, r. 24, f. 2, p. 28.

p  ^^71^^ William L. Langer and S. Everett Glcason, The Challenge to Isolation. 1937-1940, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1952, p. 67.

p  ^^72^^ Documents on the Background to the Munich Sellout. 1937-1938, op. cit., p. 87.

p  ^^73^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, p. 218.

p  ^^74^^ Public Record Office, FO 371/22299.

p  ^^75^^ M. I. Kalinin, On the. International Situation, Moscow, 1938, p. 14 (in Russian).

p  ^^76^^ Pravda, 28 December 1949.

p  ^^77^^ A. Adamthwaite, France and the Coming of the Second World War. 1936-1939, London, 1977, p. 183.

p  ^^78^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/93, p. 195.

p  ^^79^^ Ibid., pp. 193, 196-97.

p  ^^80^^ A. Adamthwaite, Op. cit., p. 179.

p  ^^81^^ DBFP, ser. 3, Vol. I, pp. 199-202, 208, 214.

p  ^^82^^ DGFP, ser. D, Vol. I, p. 1104.

p  ^^83^^ The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1937-1940, London, Collins 1970, p. 133.

p  ^^84^^ The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1938-1945, Op. cit., p. 73.

p  ^^85^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. I, London, 1949, pp. 267, 269.

p  ^^86^^ DGFP, ser. D, Vol. II, p. 265.

p  ^^87^^ FRUS, 1938, Vol. I, p. 39.

p  ^^88^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. I, p. 314.

p  ^^89^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1. f. 1907, pp. 26-27.

p  ^^9^^° Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, pp. 262-63, 284.

p  ^^91^^ Ibid., pp. 263, 284-85.

p  ^^92^^ Documents on the Background to the Munich Sellout. 1937-1939, Op. cit., pp. 112, 117.

p  ^^93^^ The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1938-1945, Op. cit., p. 79.

p  ^^9^^< DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. I, pp. 331-32. British historian M. Cowling pointed out that the British Government had "played the script worked out back in March" (M. Cowling, The Impact of Hitler, p. 181).

p  ^^95^^ DGFP, ser. D, Vol. VII, p. 632.

p  ^^96^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. I, pp. 346-47.

p  ^^97^^ Ibid, pp. 346-47, 357.

295

p  ^^98^^ The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, Op. cit, p. 81.

p  ^^99^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, p. 296.

p  ^^100^^ Ibid, Vol. XXI, p. 296.

p  ^^101^^ K. Middlemas, Diplomacy of Illusion, Op. cit, p. 239. ’°^^2^^ DGFP, ser. D, Vol. VII, p. 632.

p  ^^103^^ K. Middlemas, Diplomacy of Illusion, Op. cit, p. 241.

p  ^^104^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. I, 1938, London, 1949, p. 357.

p  ^^105^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/93, pp. 347-50. ’°6 DGFP, Ser. D, Vol. I, p. 722.

p  ^^107^^ Documents and Materials.. ., Op. cit, p. 113.

p  ^^108^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 18, f. 6, p. 73. A record of M. M. Litvinov’s conversation with Z. Fiorlinger on 4 July 1938.

p  ^^109^^ The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, Op. cit, p. 187.

p  ^^110^^ K. Middlemas, Diplomacy of Illusion, p. 267.

p  ^^111^^ FRUS, 1938, Vol. 2, p. 541.

p  ^^112^^ The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, p. 149.

p  ^^113^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, p. 425. ^^114^^ A. Adamthwaite, Op. cit, p. 199.

p  ^^115^^ International Affairs, No. 9, 1973.

p  ^^116^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, p. 436.

p  ^^117^^ FRUS, 1938, Vol. I, p. 546.

p  ^^118^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. II, 1938, London 1949, p. 107.

p  ^^119^^ FRUS, 1938, Vol. I, pp. 67-68, 548.

p  ^^120^^ Documents on the Background to the Munich Sellout, p. 181.

p  ^^121^^ Ibid, pp. 185-86.

p  ^^122^^ International Affairs, No. 9, 1973.

p  ^^123^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, pp. 470-71. This Statement was immediately brought to the knowledge of the Soviet, envoys in Britain, Franco and Czechoslovakia so that they could inform the respective governments.

p ’-’< /donok Fiorlinger, Ve sluzbach CSR, dil. I, Praha, 1947, s. 108. Fiorlinger pointed out that Litvinov did not miss the slightest opportunity to improve relations with Romania and Poland, for Uio efficiency of Soviet assistance to Czechoslovakia depended on: co-operation with these countries.

p  ^^125^^ DGFP, Ser. D, Vol. 2, p. 686.

p  ^^126^^ Erich Kordt, Nichl ana den Akten Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1950, S.S. 279-81.

p  ^^127^^ K. Middlemas, Op. cit, p. 284.

296

p  ^^128^^ I. Colvin, Vansittart in Office, Op. cit., p. 242.

p  ^^129^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, pp. 487-88. no DGFP, Ser. D, Vol. II, p. 713.

p  ^^131^^ Leonard Mosley, On Borrowed Time. How World War II Began., Random House, New York, 1969, p. 9.

p  ^^132^^ DDF, ser. 2, t. XT, Paris 1977, pp. 106-07.

p  ^^133^^ Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters 1930-1939, Collins, London^ 1966, p. 359.

p  ^^134^^ The. Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, Op. cit., p. 222.

p  ^^135^^ Chips. The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon, Ed. by R. R. .Tamo?, London, 1967, pp. 164-65.

p  ^^136^^ The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, p. 176.

p  ^^137^^ DHFP, Ser. 3, Vol. II, p. 292.

p  ^^138^^ The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, p. 178.

p  ^^139^^ In connection with the plans for calling the conference, the senior diplomatic adviser of the Foreign Office, R. Vansittart, who was opposed to such a conference, submitted an aidememoire to Halifax, pointing out that its essential object was one of "driving Russia out of Europe" which "would be completely playing the German game at every point”. (Ian Colvin, Vansittart in Office, Victor Gollancz, Ltd., London, 1965, p. 248).

p  ^^140^^ Sunday Times, January 5, 1969.

p  ^^141^^ Ian Colvin, Vansittart in Office, Op. cit., p. 243.

p  ^^142^^ Die Weizsacker-Papiere 1933-1950, F/M, 1974, S. 169.

p  ^^143^^ DRFP, ser. 3, Vol. II, pp. 338-41.

p  ^^144^^ E. Kordt, Nicht aus den Akten..., Op. cit., S. 259.

p  ^^145^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/646, pp. 25-29.

p  ^^146^^ The Ironside Diaries 1937-1940, Op. cit., p. 64.

p  ^^147^^ FRUS, 1938, Vol. 1, Washington, 1955, p. 618.

p  ^^149^^ Documents and Records..., pp. 173-74.

p  ^^143^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. VII, 1939, London, 1954, p. 027. ^^5^^° FRUS, 1938, Vol. I, Washington, 1955, p. 626.

p  ^^151^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, p. 499.

p  ^^152^^ Ibid., p. 500.

p  ^^153^^ W. Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. I, Op. cit., p. 305.

p ’^^54^^ Geschichte der Diplomatic, Bd. 3, Toil 2, RWA-Verlag, Berlin, 1948, S.S. 293-94.

p >^^55^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. II, 1938, London, 1949, pp. 497-98,

297

p  ^^156^^ Das Abkommen von Miinchen 1938. Tschechoslowakische diplomatische Dokumente 1937-1939, Praha, Academia, 1968, S. 295.

p  ^^157^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1908, p. 108.

p  ^^158^^ L. S. Amery, My Political Life, Vol. Ill, Hutchinson, London, 1955, p. 293.

p  ^^159^^ Arthur H. Furnia, The Diplomacy of Appeasement, The University Press of Washington, D.C. I960, p. 356.

p  ^^160^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, pp. 202-03.

p  ^^161^^ Ibid., p. 287.

p  ^^162^^ Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, p. 361. At the same time, J. Beck set out the measures he had taken to make it more difficult for the Soviet Union to afford assistance to Czechoslovakia, and pointed out that Poland was opposed to Soviet involvement in European affairs.

p  ^^163^^ Documents and Materials, Op. cit., pp. 181, 182.

p  ^^164^^ B. Cclovsky, Das Munchener Abkommen 1938, Deutsche Verlag-

p Anstall, Stuttgart, 1958, S. 391.

p  ^^165^^ FRUS, Vol. 1, 1938, Washington, 1955, p. 664. The French Ambassador in Berlin, A. Francois-Poncet wrote, not without indignation, on 22 September that Poland and Hungary had "joined Germany in hounding Czechoslovakia”. There emerged a united front of three states "demanding a partition of that country”. (DDF, ser. 2, t. XI, p. 454.)

p  ^^166^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, pp. 515-16.

p  ^^167^^ USSR FPA, s. Oil, r. 2, f. 207, p. 46.

p  ^^168^^ Foreign Affairs, October 1946, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 37.

p  ^^169^^ FRUS, 1938, Vol. 1, Washington, 1955, pp. 650-51.

p  ^^170^^ Ciano’s Diplomatic Papers, London, 1948, pp. 236, 237.

p  ^^171^^ For more about Romania’s stand on the matter see: A. A. Shevyakov. Soviet-Romanian Relations and the Problem of European Sccariii/, Moscow, 1977, pp. 263-70, 274-75.

p  ^^172^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. II, p. 562.

p  ^^173^^ USSR FPA, s. 059, r. 1, f. 1979, p. 41.

p  ^^174^^ A History of the Second World War 1939-1945, Vol. 2, pp. 105-07.

p  ^^175^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, p. 530.

p  ^^176^^ A History of the Second World War, Vol. 2, pp. 107-08.

p  ^^177^^ B. Celovsky, Das Munchener Abkommen 1938, S.S. 384, 391.

p  ^^178^^ Geschichte der Diplomatic, Bd. 3, Teil 2, Berlin, 1948, S. 295. Subsequently, Hitler agreed, by way of “concession”, to postpone the occupation till 1 October.

 ^^179^^ ADAP, Ser. D, Bd. II, S.S. 694-702, 716-26; DBFP, ser, 3, Vol. II, pp. 463-73, 499, 508.

298

p >^^80^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/95, p. 168. ’^^81^^ Papers and Memoirs of Jozef Lipski..., Op. cit., p. 420. >^^82^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. II, p. 587. ^^183^^ FRUS, 1938, Vol. 1, p. 688. "^^4^^ L. Mosley, On Borrowed Time.. ., Op. cit., p. 65.

p  ^^185^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, pp. 543-44.

p  ^^186^^ G. Niedhardt, Grossbritannien und die Sowjetunion 1934-1939, Op.

p cit., S. 403.

p  ^^187^^ Documents of the German Ministry for Foreign Affairs. 1st issue: German Policy in Hungary, Moscow, 1946, p. 89 (in Russian).

p  ^^188^^ L. Mosley, Op. cit., pp. 66-67.

p  ^^189^^ Ibid., p. 68.

p  ^^190^^ Lord Strang, Home and Abroad, London, 1956, pp. 146-47. pp. 146-47.

p  ^^191^^ L B. Namior, Europe in Decay, London, MacMillan & Co. Ltd., 1950, p. 125.

p  ^^192^^ Hugh Dalton, The Fateful Years. Memoirs 1931-1945, Frederick Muller Ltd., London, 1957, p. 195.

p  ^^193^^ Robert Coulondre, De Staline a Hitler, Hachette, Paris, 1950, pp. 165-66.

p  ^^194^^ CSHAL, s. 1313, r. 20, f. 135, p. 55.

p ^^195^^ Foreign Affairs, October 1946, Vol. 25. No. 1, p. 38.

p  ^^196^^ W. Lippmann, U.S. Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1943, p. 116.

p  ^^197^^ B. Celovsky, Op. cit., S. 440.

p  ^^198^^ Frederick Birkenhead, Halifax. The Life oj Lord Halifax, Boston 1966, p. 415.

p  ^^199^^ Izvestia, 4 October 1938.

p  ^^200^^ Izvestia, 10 November 1938.

p  ^^201^^ Radomir Luza, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans, New York University Press, New York, 1964, p. 163.

p  ^^202^^ The British Cabinet Secretary, Col. Hankey declared at a Cabinet meeting in March 1938 that since 1919 it had been recognised "that Czechoslovakia could only continue to exist if the whole territory were maintained as one unit”. (Stephen Roskill, Ilankeij, Man oj Secrets, Vol. Ill, 1931-1963, London, Collins, 1974, p. 314.)

p  ^^203^^ L Noel, La guerre de 39 a commance 4 ans plus tot, Paris, 1979, p. 105.

p  ^^204^^ Ibid., p. 159.

p  ^^205^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., Op, cit, Part One-Two,

299

p  ^^206^^ K. Middlemas, Op. cit., p. 432.

p  ^^207^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 72.

p  ^^208^^ Ibid., p. 88.

p  ^^209^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/627, p. 185.

p  ^^210^^ Paul Reynaud, La France a sauve I’Europe, t. I, Paris, Flammarion, 1947, p. 575.

p  ^^211^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 194.

p  ^^212^^ Public Record Office, Cab 23/96, pp. 10, 283.

p  ^^213^^ The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol. II, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1954, p. 574.

p  ^^214^^ Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, Ser. D, Vol. IV, London, 1951, p. 321.

p  ^^215^^ The New York Times, 27 October 1938, p. 15.

p  ^^216^^ Documents on Soviet Foreign Policy, Vol. XXI, pp. 633-34.

p  ^^217^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/627, pp. 176-78, 185.

p  ^^218^^ Papers and Memoirs of Jozef Lipski, Op. cit., pp. 370, 377, 380-81, 384-85, 397, 403, 405-10.

p  ^^219^^ Ibid., pp. 423, 424.

p  ^^220^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 27-28.

p  ^^221^^ Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, p. 366.

p  ^^222^^ Soviet Peace Efforts. .., p. 63.

p  ^^223^^ Hungary and the Second World War. Translated from Hungarian, Moscow, 1962, p. 129 (in Russian), DBFP, ser. 3, Vol. IV, London, 1951, p. 185.

p  ^^224^^ Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI, pp. 372, 373.

p  ^^225^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 31-32.

p  ^^226^^ An Anatomy of War. New Documents on the Role of German Monopoly Capital in the Preparation and Prosecution of the Second World War, Moscow, 1971, p. 186 (in Russian).

p  ^^227^^ USSR FPA, s. 05, r. 18, f. 6, p. 37. Record of M. M. Litvinov’s conversation with .1. Baltrusaitis on 23 March 1938.

p  ^^228^^ Soviet Peace Efforts. . ., p. 82.

p  ^^229^^ FRUS, 1938, Vol. Ill, Washington, 1954, pp. 411-12. The Polish Ambassador in Moscow, Grzyhowski held that Poland alone could dominate the USSR and that there was no point in "letting Germany into Russia”. (Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VI,’ p. 372.)

p  ^^230^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 142. Karszo-Siedlewski emphasised that he would gear his activities as Polish Minister in Tehran to carrying out this great Eastern concept since it was necessary, after all, to persuade and induce the Persians and Afghans to play "an active part in the future war against the Soviets".

300

p  ^^231^^ Official Documents Concerning Polish-German and Polish-Soviet Relations, 1933-1939, London, 1939, pp. 53-54.

p  ^^232^^ Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VII, Moscow, 1973, p. 22.

p  ^^233^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 171.

p  ^^234^^ Ibid., p. 199.

p  ^^235^^ Ibid., p. 202.

p  ^^236^^ It was earlier believed that in January 1939 Hitler was still planning a joint venture with Poland in attacking the USSR (see K. Hildebrand, Deutsche Aufienpolitik 1933-1945. Kalkiil oder

p Dogma?, Stuttgart, 1971, S. 85). Yet the evidence just cited clears up the matter.

p  ^^2^^" Dos Abkommen von Munchen 1938..., Op. cit., S. 335.

p  ^^238^^ David Irving, The War Path. Hitler’s Germany 1933-39. London, 1978, p. 169.

p  ^^239^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 161-62.

p  ^^240^^ The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, Op. cit., p. 218; Besides, Harvey pointed out that there was growing unrest in Britain, particularly among the working class, as well as among intellectuals and professional people—journalists, office staffs... Conversely, the rich, industrialists, landowners, rentiers, party bosses, were still pleased with their lot, they did not as yet suspect that the Nazis would not guard their dividends and their property. Several days later, Harvey wrote that there were some in the Foreign Office, too, who were still sharing Chamberlain’s view about the correctness of the Munich line of his policy of "peace at any price”, since any war, whether won or lost, could destroy the rich classes.

p  ^^241^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/627, p. 177. ^^242^^ K. Middlemas, Op. cit, p. 427.

p  ^^243^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/627, pp. 176, 185, 187.

p  ^^244^^ Ibid., p. 188.

p  ^^245^^ Georges Bonnet, Defense de la paix. Fin d’unc Europe. De Munich

p a la guerre, Geneve, les Editions Cheval Aile, 1948, pp. 126-27.

p  ^^246^^ Public Record Office, FO 371. 229 88, C 2560/16/ 18, p. 216.

p CHAPTER IV

p  ^^1^^ Soviet Peace efforts..., pp. 233-34. P. Kleisl produced several books after the war (the last of them was Die europdische Tragodie, Pr. Oldendorf, 1971), in which he turned and twisted realities shamelessly in the spirit of Nazi propaganda, i.e. carrying on Goebbels’ "Big Lie”. As lias just been shown, Kleist had helped Hitler and Ribbentrop in preparing the aggression against Poland, but in his books ho seeks to prove that in 1939 he strove to preserve the friendliest possible relations between Germany and 301 Poland and to compose the differences between them. Although il has long been recognised, after the publication of the respective volumes of "Akton zur deutschen auswartigen Politik”, that the initiative towards normalising German-Soviet relations in the .summer of 1939 was taken by Germany, he went on standing facts 011 their head until his dying day in a bid to prove the contrary (for this point sec the chapter of this book dealing with the Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact). During the war years, Kleist, on instructions from Ribbentrop, tried to start negotiations with the USSR about a separate peace, while he claimed that in this sense, too, the initiative was taken by the Soviet side (for the true picture see FRUS, 1943, Vol. I, Washington, 1963, pp. 502-03).

p  ^^2^^ The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey 1937-1940, Op. cit, p. 261.

p  ^^3^^ D. Irving, The War Path. Hitler’s Germany 1933-1939, Op cit p. 191.

p  ^^4^^ W. L. Langer and S. E. Gleason, The Challenge to Isolation. 1937-1940, New York, 1952, p. 67.

p  ^^5^^ The 18th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. 10-21 March 1939, Verbatim Report, Moscow, 1939, pp. 11-15.

p  ^^5^^ Izvestia, 20 March 1939.

p  ^^7^^ G. Niedhardt, Grossbritannien und die Sowjetunion 1934-1939, Miinchen, 1972, S. 392.

p  ^^8^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/98, pp. 48-62.

p  ^^9^^ Soviet Peace Efforts. . ., pp. 246-47. ^^10^^ Ibid., p. 247.

p  ^^11^^ Ibid., p. 249.

p  ^^12^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/98, pp. 74-76, 80, 83.

p  ^^13^^ Ibid., p. 92.

p  ^^14^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 264-65.

p  ^^15^^ Ibid., p. 265.

p  ^^16^^ Ibid., p. 284.

p  ^^17^^ Papers and Memoirs of Jozef Lipski..., Op. cit., p. 507.

p  ^^18^^ Butler, J.R.M. Grand Strategy, September 1939-June 1941, London, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1957, pp. 10, 12.

p  ^^19^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 271-72.

p  ^^20^^ Public Record Office, FO 418/85, p. 117.

p  ^^21^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 282, 283.

p  ^^22^^ Ibid., p. 284.

p  ^^23^^ Ibid., pp. 283-84.

 ^^24^^ Sidney Aster, 1939. The Making of the Second World War, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1973, pp. 89, 94.

302

p  ^^25^^ Ibid., p. 80.

p  ^^26^^ S. Newman, March 1939: The British. Guarantee to Poland, Oxford, 1970, pp. 146-48. Considering Poland’s closest co-operation with Germany prior to 1938, particularly at the time of the Munich deal, tlio British Government found that it would not be an easy thing for her to do, still less so since there was information in London that Poland was negotiating to join the Anti-Comintern Pact.

p  ^^27^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/624, pp. 199-203, 206, 208, 211, 219.

p  ^^28^^ S. Nowman, March 1939. The British Guarantee to Poland..., Op. cit., p. 172.

p  ^^29^^ DBFP, ser. 3, Vol. IV, London, 1951, p. 373.

p  ^^30^^ S. Newman, Op. cit., p. 172. In 1940 (after Germany had overrun Poland), J. Beck did actually offer to the Nazis to stand proxy for him, but the offer was not accepted.

p  ^^31^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/98, pp. 157, 161-63, 165.

p  ^^32^^ Polish-English Communique, Official Documents Concerning Polish-German and Polish-Soviet Relations 1933-1939, London, 1939, p. 74. The French Foreign Minister of the day, Georges Bonnet, subsequently wrote, concerning the issue of guarantees to Poland in the event of "indirect aggression”, that these guarantees were quite understandable if one took into account the fact that the Czechoslovak President, Hacha, "had to choose between the two conditions which Hitler had laid down for him: either the destruction of Czech cities by German aircraft, or consent to a German protectorate" (G. Bonnet, Fin d’une Europe, Geneve, 1948, p. 217).

p  ^^33^^ Zentrales Staatsarchiv (Potsdam), Film 4522. The Bucharest German Legation’s cables of 14 and 15 April 1939.

p  ^^34^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/98, pp. 208-09.

p  ^^35^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/265, p. 138.

p  ^^36^^ K. Middlemas, Op. cit, p. 457.

p  ^^37^^ Zentrales Staatsarchiv (Potsdam), Film 4522.

p  ^^38^^ A. Adamthwaite, France and the Coming of the Second World War. 1936-1939, pp. 266, 271, 309.

p  ^^39^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 291.

p  ^^40^^ International Affairs, 1969, No. 7, p. 92.

p  ^^41^^ A. Adamthwaite..., Op. cit., pp. 311, 312.

p  ^^42^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 324-25, 331.

p  ^^43^^ Ibid., p. 333.

p  ^^44^^ FRUS, 1939, Vol. 1, Washington, p. 248.

p  ^^45^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 336-37.

p  ^^46^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/624, pp. 309-12.

303

p 66 67 C8 69 70

p 71 72 73 74

p 75 76 77 78

p Ibid., pp. 298-99, 302.

p Public Record Office, Cab. 27/627, pp. 273, 275-77, 280-82.

p Public Record Office, Cab. 27/624, p. 31!).

p Public Record Office, Cab. 23/99, pp. 58-61.

p Cit. Niedhardt, Op. cit., S. 411.

p Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 347, 351.

p Ibid., p. 367.

p Public Record Office, Cab. 23/99, pp. 128-30.

p Chips. The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon, Op. cit., p. 196.

p Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 383.

p Public Record Office, Cab. 27/625, pp. 52-55.

p Ibid., pp. 30-33.

p The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey..., Op. cit, p. 290.

p The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1938-1945, Op. cit, p. 182.

p Chips. The Diaries oj Sir Henry Channon, Op. cit., p. 199.

p W. Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. I, Op. cit, p. 376.

p Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, Ser. D, Vol. VI, London, 1956, pp. 575, 576.

p Public Record Office, Cab. 23/99, pp. 272-75, 278, 284.

p Chips. The Diaries oj Sir Henry Channon, Op. cit., p. 201.

p Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 417-18.

p Ibid., pp. 432-33.

p Public Record Office, Cab. 27/625, pp. 101-12.

p Soviet Peace Efforts. .., p. 443 (in Russian).

p For details, see M. Pankrashova and V. Sipols, Why the War Could Not Be Prevented. The Moscow Talks of the USSR, Britain and France in 1939, Moscow, 1970, p. 55 (in Russian).

p DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. VI, 1939, London, 1953, p. 162.

p Pravda, 29 June 1939.

p Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 476.

p Not even N. Chamberlain could fail to admit that "the Russians had every intention of reaching an agreement" with Britain and France (Public Record Office, Cab. 27/625, p. 186).

p Public Record Office, Cab. 27/625, pp. 236-37.

p Public Record Office, Cab. 23/99, pp. 129-30.

p Public Record Office, Cab. 27/625, pp. 254-70.

p DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. VI, 1939, London, 1953, p. 328.

304

p  ^^79^^ FRUS, 1939, Vol. 1, p. 272.

p  ^^80^^ / Dociimenli diplomalici ilaiiani. Ollava acne: 11)35-11)31), Vol. XII, U LibriM-ia Uello Slulo, Roma, 1942, p. 313.

p  ^^81^^ Public Record Offico, Cab. 23/100, p. 186, Cab. 27/625, pp. 293-94.

p  ^^82^^ Sovicl Peace Efforts..., p. 496.

p  ^^83^^ DBFP, 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. VI, 1939, London, 1953, pp. 423, 425-26.

p  ^^84^^ Ibid., p. 457; Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 515.

p  ^^85^^ IDA, Microfilm Bank, E. Raczinski’s letter of June 8, 1939, to Poland’s Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

p  ^^86^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/99, pp. 121-22, 124-26.

p  ^^87^^ H. Nicolson, Diaries and Letters 1930-1939, Collins, London, 1966, p. 401.

p  ^^88^^ FRUS, 1939, Vol. I, p. 193.

p  ^^89^^ DGFP, Ser. D, Vol. VI, pp. 978, 980, 981.

p  ^^90^^ Public Record Office, FO 371.22990, C 10371/16/18, p. 299.

p  ^^91^^ Documents and Materials Relating to the Eve of the Second World War, Vol. II, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow 1948, p. 118.

p  ^^92^^ Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, Ser. D, Vol. VI, London, 1956, p. 540.

p  ^^93^^ VV. L. Langer, S. E. Gleason, The Challenge to Isolation, Op. cit, p. 76.

p  ^^94^^ Hugh R. Wilson, A Career Diplomat, Vantage Press, New York, 1960, p. 111.

p  ^^95^^ FRUS. Diplomatic Papers 1939, Vol. I, p. 194.

p  ^^96^^ For example, Lipski, on arriving in Warsaw on 8 August, 1939, informed Beck and Rydz-Smigly that "German armaments and preparations for war are in full swing" and that Poland "should bo prepared for any eventuality”. (Papers and Memoirs of Jdzef Lipski, Columbia University Press, New York and London, 1968, p. 553.)

p  ^^97^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 389.

p  ^^98^^ Ibid., p. 393.

p  ^^99^^ Documents on Soviet-Polish Relations, Vol. VII, p. 112.

p  ^^100^^ Romania’s position remained anti-Soviet and pro-German. In a conversation with the French Minister, Thierry, the Romanian King Carol declared that Romania would take no part in any measures Germany might regard as directed against her. He underscored his anti-Soviet stand and his negative attitude to the Anglo-Franco-Soviet negotiations. (Zentrales Staatsarchiv (Potsdam), Film 4522; see the Gorman ambassador’s letter of May 13, 1939, from London).

305

p  ^^101^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 414.

p  ^^102^^ Ibid., p. 537.

p  ^^103^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. VII, 1939, London, 1954, pp. 258-59. ^^104^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 525-27, 537-38, 540, 562 etc.

p  ^^105^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/625, p. 268.

p  ^^106^^ Lord Strang, Home and Abroad..., Op. cit., pp. 193-94.

p  ^^107^^ Soviet Peace Efforts. .., p. 697.

p  ^^108^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/100, pp. 224-25.

p  ^^109^^ DBFP, ser. 3, Vol. VI, p. 763.

p  ^^110^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/625.

p  ^^111^^ General Beaufre, Le Drame de 1940, Op. cit., p. 2.

p  ^^112^^ Public Record Office, Prem. 1/311.

p  ^^113^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. VI. 1939, London, 1953, pp. 682, 683.

p  ^^114^^ Zentrales Staatsarchiv (Potsdam), Film 4522.

p  ^^115^^ DBFP, ser. 3, Vol. VI, p. 461.

p  ^^116^^ FRUS, 1939, vol. I, p. 294.

p  ^^117^^ General Beaufre, Le Drame de 1940. Paris, 1965, pp. 123-24. L. Noel. La guerre de 39 a commence 4 ans plus tot, Paris, 1979, p. 123. ADAP, Scrio D, Bd. VII, Baden-Baden, 1956, S. 247.

p  ^^118^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser H. Vol. VI, 1939, London, 1953, pp. 682,683.

p  ^^119^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 546-48.

p  ^^120^^ Ibid., pp. 551-54.

p  ^^121^^ Ibid., p. 557.

p  ^^122^^ Ibid., pp. 560-61.

p  ^^123^^ Ibid., pp. 566-68, 572.

p  ^^124^^ Ibid., pp. 563, 569.

p  ^^125^^ S. Aster, 1939. The Making of the Second World War, Op. cit, p. 303.

p  ^^126^^ A History of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1945, Vol. I, p. 377.

p  ^^127^^ S. Aster, Op. cit., pp. 305-06.

p  ^^128^^ A. Adamthwaite, France and the Coming of the Second World

p War 1936-1939, London, 1977, p. 340. That was also the position of the Romanian government. (Zentrales Staatsarchiv, (Potsdam), Film 13304, cable of 24 August, 1939, from the German Legation in Romania.)

306

p li9 Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 574-7?. ^^130^^ Ibid., pp. 582, 619. ^^131^^ General Beaufre, Le Drame de 1940, Op. cit., pp. 149.

p  ^^132^^ Ibid., p. 156.

p  ^^133^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 623 (in Russian).

p  ^^134^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. VII, 1939, London, 1954, p. 91.

p  ^^135^^ Papers and Memoirs of Jozef Lipski..., pp. 563-65. ^^136^^ General Beaufre, Le Drame de 1940, pp. 118, 124.

p  ^^137^^ DGFP, Ser. D, Vol. VII, p. 27.

p  ^^138^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/100, p. 325.

p  ^^139^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 624, 026, 627.

p  ^^140^^ International Affairs, 1969, No. 11, p. 108. ^^141^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., pp. 631-36.

p  ^^142^^ The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol. II, Op. cit., p. 705.

p  ^^143^^ In 1941, when the course of events brought Britain within a coalition with the USSR, which was her only hope for salvation, Halifax admitted in a diary, referring to Britain’s reluctance to conclude an alliance with the USSR in 1939: "That was a mistake. We must not repeat it”. (F. Birkenhead, Halifax, London, 1965, p. 440.)

p  ^^144^^ USSR FPA, s. 06, r. 1, f. 267, pp. 7-8.

p  ^^145^^ Soviet Peace Efforts.. ., p. 691.

p  ^^146^^ D. Bergamini, Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy, London, 1971, p. 696.

p  ^^147^^ Ibid., p. 702.

p  ^^148^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 406.

p  ^^149^^ Pravda, 1 June 1939.

p  ^^150^^ Voprosy istorii, 1974, No. 3, p. 204.

p  ^^151^^ A History of the Great Patriotic War of Ike Soviet Union 1941- 1945, Vol. I, p. 244 (in Russian).

p  ^^152^^ ADAP, Vol. VI, Ser. D, p. 546. The Soviet government was informed about that decision.

p  ^^153^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 27/625, p. 246.

p  ^^154^^ In a report of 28 January, 1939, the German General Staff said, for instance: "The peace-time Russian Armed Forces are numerically a gigantic military instrument. Their fighting capability, generally, is up-to-date. Operational principles are clear and definite. The country’s wealth of resources and the depth of operational space are their good allies" (Lev Bezymensky, The 307 Special File “Barbarossa”. Documentary Novel, Moscow, 1972, p. 95—in Russian).

p 155 j) M Proektor, Aggression and Catastrophe. The Supreme Military Command of Nazi Germany in the Second World War. 1939- 1945, Moscow, p. 46 (in Russian).

p  ^^156^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. VI, 1939, London, 1953, p. 2. The Polish government, too, knew about this opinion of Keitel and Brauchitsch, yet it did not change its negative attitude to cooperation with the USSR.

p  ^^157^^ L. Mosley, On Borrowed Time, Op. cit, p. 252.

p  ^^158^^ E. Kordt, Nicht aus den Akten..., Op. cit, S. 310.

p  ^^159^^ Die Weizsacker-Papiere 1933-1950, Hrsg. vom L. E. Hill. Propylaen Verlag. Fr./M. 1974, S. 157.

p  ^^160^^ L. Mosley, Op. cit, p. 255.

p  ^^161^^ Die Weizsacker-Papiere, Op. cit, S. 181.

p  ^^162^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 455 (in Russian).

p  ^^163^^ Die Weizsacker-Papiere, Op. cit, S. 176.

p  ^^164^^ D. Irving, The War Path. Hitler’s Germany 1933-1939. London, 1978, p. 180.

p  ^^165^^ Quoted from: I. Y. Androsov, On the Eve of the Second World War. In: Voprosy istorii, 1972, No. 9, p. 137 (in Russian).

p  ^^166^^ A History of Soviet Foreign Policy. 1917-1945, Vol. I, p. 390.

p  ^^167^^ Ibid.

p  ^^168^^ Voprosy istorii, No. 9, 1972, p. 140. ^^169^^ ADAP, Ser. D, Bd. VI, p. 497.

p  ^^170^^ A History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. Vol. I, p. 174 (in Russian).

p  ^^171^^ Die Weizsacker-Papiere 1933-1950, S. 154.

p  ^^172^^ A History of Soviet Foreign Policy. 1917-1945. Vol. I, p. 390.

p  ^^173^^ ADAP, Ser. D, Bd. VI, S. 619.

p  ^^174^^ Istoria SSSR, 1962, No. 3, p. 21; Voprosy istorii, 1972, No. 10, p. 100.

p  ^^175^^ ADAP, Op. cit, p. 680.

p  ^^176^^ A History of Soviet Foreign Policy. 1917-1945. Vol. I, pp. 390-91.

p  ^^177^^ ADAP, Serie D, Bd. VI, S.S. 847-49.

p  ^^178^^ A History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. Vol. I, p. 174.

p  ^^179^^ Voprosy istorii, 1972, No. 10, p. 104.

p  ^^180^^ ADAP, ser. D, Vol. VI, Baden-Baden, 1956, S. 894.

p  ^^181^^ Ibid., p. 905.

308

p  ^^182^^ Die Weizsdcker-Papiere 1933-1950, Op. cit., S.S. 157-58.

p  ^^183^^ A History of Ike Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. 1941- 1945, Vol. I, pp. 174-75.

p  ^^184^^ L. Mosloy, On Borrowed. Time, Op. cit., p. 288.

p  ^^185^^ ADAP, ser. D, Bd. VII, S.S. 63-64. ^^186^^ Ibid., pp. 70, 95-96.

p  ^^187^^ A. Speer, Erinnerungen, Frankfurt/M, 1969, S. 176.

p  ^^188^^ ADAP, ser. D, Bd. VII, S.S. 95-96.

p  ^^189^^ Ibid., S.S. Ill, 112.

p  ^^190^^ Ibid., S. 131.

p  ^^191^^ Zentrales Staatsarcliiv (Potsdam), Film 10520.

p  ^^192^^ A History of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1945, Vol. I, p. 392.

p  ^^193^^ Izvestia, 27 August 1939.

p  ^^194^^ Istoria SSSR, 1962, No. 3, p. 23.

p  ^^195^^ Izvestia, 1 September 1939.

p  ^^196^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 637.

p  ^^197^^ Ibid., p. 639.

p  ^^198^^ .T. V. Stalin said, lor instance, in a conversation with Latvian Foreign Minister V. Muntcrs, a month later (on 2 October 1939) that the possibility of a Gorman attack on the USSR could not bo ruled out. For six years, the Nazis had been up against the USSR. Now there was an unexpected turn of the tide. That sort of thing might happen in history. But you could not depend on it. You had to get ready for any eventuality in good time. (IDA, s. 38d, r. 22, f. 222, p. 24.)

p  ^^199^^ Izvestia, i September 1939.

p  ^^200^^ FRUS, 1939, Vol. I, p. 307. The Soviet government, being most anxious to prevent Poland from being destroyed by the Nazi Reich, was still prepared to come to her assistance. There was a particularly noteworthy fact on the 2nd of September, just the day after the Nazi Reich’s attack on Poland, when Britain and France, for all their allied treaties with Poland, were still silent about their position. The Soviet Ambassador in Warsaw, N. I. Sharonov called on the Polish Minister for Foreign Affairs, J. Beck and, with reference to K. Y. Voroshilov’s interview of 27 August, which mentioned possible Soviet deliveries of war equipment to Poland, asked him why Poland was not turning to the Soviet Union for aid. It took, however, the Polish government a whole week to give instructions to its Ambassador in Moscow, W. Grzibowski, to contact the Soviet government on the subject. It was, however, too late because by that time the outcome of the war between Germany and Poland was a foregone conclusion.

p  ^^201^^ Georges Bonnet, Defense de

p paix. Fin d’une Europe, Génève, 1948, p. 291.

309

p  ^^202^^ Istoria SSSR, 1962, No. 3, pp. 22-23.

p  ^^203^^ A summary of this Foreign Office cable was handed over on 27 August to the U.S. Department of State by the British am bassador in Washington. (FRUS, 1939, Vol. I, p. 307.)

p  ^^204^^ International Affairs, 1969, No. 11, p. 111.

p  ^^205^^ Soviet Peace Efforts. . ., p. 640.

p  ^^206^^ A. Adamthwaite, France and the Coming of the Second World War. 1936-1939, London, 1977, p. 341.

p  ^^207^^ ADAP, Ser. D, Vol. VII, S. 168.

p  ^^208^^ G. Ciano, Diario, Vol. I, Milano, 1963, p. 5.

p  ^^209^^ Cia.no’K Diplomatic Papers, London. 1948, p. 304.

p  ^^210^^ Soviet Peace Efforts.. ., p. 455.

p  ^^211^^ DBFP 1919-1939, ser. 3, Vol. VII, 1939, London, 1954, pp. 127-28.

p  ^^212^^ FRUS, 1939, Vol. I, Washington, 1956, p. 354.

p  ^^213^^ Ibid., pp. 355-56.

p  ^^214^^ Ibid, p. 356.

p  ^^215^^ Ibid., pp. 376-77.

p  ^^216^^ Soviet Peace Efforts..., p. 638.

p  ^^217^^ The Diplomatic Diaries of Oliver Harvey, p. 307.

p  ^^218^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/100, p. 277.

p  ^^219^^ Ibid, p. 375.

p  ^^220^^ Ibid, p. 402.

p  ^^221^^ Ibid, p. 379.

p 222 DBFP, ser. 3, Vol. VII, pp. 330-332.

p  ^^223^^ / documents diplomatici italiani, ser. 8, vol. XIII, Roma, 1953, pp. 258-59. On August 31 Mussolini, too, took the initiative in proposing a conference to be called on 5 September to review the articles of the Treaty of Versailles which had bred the conflict. Chamberlain and Daladier accepted the proposal.

p  ^^224^^ Public Record Office, Cab. 23/100, p. 423.

p  ^^225^^ FRUS, 1939, Vol. I, p. 392.

p  ^^226^^ Documents diplomatiques. 1938-1939, Paris, 1939, pp. 266-67.

p  ^^227^^ DBFP, ser. 3, Vol. VII, p. 351.

p  ^^228^^ II. A. Jacobsen, Der Weg zur Teilung der Welt, Koblenz/Bonn,

p 1077, S. 27.

p 229 y ’jp_ F_omin, Nazi Germany’s Aggression in Europe, p. 623 (in Russian).

 ^^230^^ FRUS, 1939, Vol. I, pp. 301-04, 398-99.