669

p Achelis, Thomas (1850-1909)— German philosopher and ethnographer.—149

p Adler, Friedrich (1879-1960)—a leader of the Austrian right-wing Social Democrats; theoretician of Austro-Marxism.—243 Adler, Georg (1863-1908)—German bourgeois economist.—537, 571, 576

p Adler, Firfor(1852-1918)—a reformist leader of the Austrian Social-Democratic party and the Second International.—117-18 Akimov, Vladimir Petrovich ( Makhnovets) (1872-1921)—Russian Social Democrat, one of the most extreme opportunists.—63 Albrecht, Karl (1788-1844)— preacher of Christian Socialism in Switzerland; follower of Weitling.—366 Alcibiades (c. 451-404 B.C.)—

p Athenian politician.—62 Anaxagoras (c. 500-428 B.C.)— Greek materialist philosopher.— 623

p Anaximenes (585-525 B.C.)—Greek spontaneous materialist philosopher.—577

p Andree, Richard (1835-1912)— German ethnographer, author of works on comparative ethnography.—150

p Aquinas, Thomas (1225-1274)— Italian philosopher, objective idealist.—118

p Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)—Greek philosopher and scientist. In philosophy, wavered between mate-

p rialism and idealism.—75, 82, 176-77, 295, 360, 609

p Aristophanes (c. 446-385 B.C.)— Greek dramatist.—609-10

p Artsybashev, Mikhail Petrovich (1878-1927)—Russian novelist; his works reflected the decadent trends during the period of reaction (1907-1910).—197

p <4ugus«us(63B.C.-A.D. 14)—Roman Emperor (27 B.C.-A.D. 14).—165

p Avenarius, Richard (1843-1896)— German idealist philosopher, formulated the basic principles of empiric-criticism.—66, 118, 197, 209, 220, 231. 250-51, 258, 264, 266. 274, 278, 280, 305, 357, 384, 428, 431, 442, 457

p Axelrod, Lyubov Isaakovna ( pseudonym “Orthodox”) (1868-1946)— philosopher and literary critic, Social Democrat. After the Second Congress of the RSDLP (1903), joined the Mensheviks and opposed Lenin’s philosophical views. -264, 345, 457, 587

p B

p Babeuf, Gracchus (real name Francois AToeO(lV60-1797)—French revolutionary, Utopian communist; led the "Conspiracy of Equals" (1796).—531-33, 552-53, 559

p Bacon, Francis (1561-1626)— English philosopher, naturalist, historian and statesman, founder of materialism in England.—37, 83, 383

p Bain, Alexander (1813-1903)— Scottish psychologist, professor of logic.—73

670

p Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1814-1876)—Russian revolutionary and publicist; an ideologist of anarchism; in the First International showed himself to he vehement foe of Marxism, and at the Hague Congress of 1872 was expelled from the International for his splitting activities.—411, 504, 571

p Balmont, Konstantin Dmitriyevich (1867-1943)—Russian Symbolist poet.—398

p Baratynsky, Evgeny Abramovich (1800-1844)—Russian lyric poet. -312

p Barres, Maurice (1862-1923)— French writer and publicist, ideologist of Catholicism.—386, 405

p Baudelaire, Charles (1821-1867)— French poet.—401

p Bauer, Arthur (b. 1850)—French bourgeois historian and sociologist.—50

p Bauer, Bruno (1809-1882)—German philosopher, Young Hegelian.— 171, 492, 560, 600, 620-25, 628, 632, 635, 638

p Bauer, Edgar (1820-1886)—German publicist, Young Hegelian.—171, 560, 600, 623-25, 632, 635

p Bayernoffer, Karl Theodor (1812- 1888)-German philosopher.—616

p Bayle, Pierre (1647-1706)—French philosopher, sceptic, critic of theological dogmatism.—588

p Bazard, Saint-A mand (1791-1832)— French Utopian socialist, follower of Saint-Simon.—502, 506, 532

p Bazarov, V. (real name V. A. Rudnev) (1874-1939)—Russian Social Democrat. In 1905-1907 contributed to a number of Bolshevik publications. In the period of reaction (1907-1910), deviated from Bolshevism; was one of the main representatives of the Machist revision of Marxism.—174, 266, 459, 460, 474, 487-88, 491

p Becker, Bernhard (1826-1882)— German socialist, Lassallean.—567

p Beer, Max (1864-1943)—German historian of socialism.—548

p Belinsky, Vissarion Grigoryevich (1811-1848)—Russian revolutionary democrat, literary critic and publicist, materialist philosopher.—48, 141. 342, H157, 378, 403, 504, 565, 610, 616

p Sellers, John (1654-1725)—English economist, author of a number of social reform projects.—551

p Beltov, N. (Plekhanov G. V.) (1856- 1918)—41-43, 193, 210. 212, 223, 229, 248-49

p Bely, Andrei (pseudonym of Bugayev, Boris .\ikolayei-icli) (1880- 1934)—Russian writer, a theoretician of symbolism.—308

p Berdayev, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1874-1948)—reactionary idealist philosopher and mystic.—62, 83, 401

p Bergson. Henri (1859-1941)—French idealist philosopher: irrationalist, proponent of intuitionism.—197, 294-98

p Berkeley, George (1685-1753)—Irish philosopher, subjective idealist.— 66, 213, 214, 222, 229. 236, 241, 244-46, 586, 587, 589, 591-92

p Berlin, Pavel A bramovich(\j. 1877)— Russian publicist, Social- Democrat, Menshevik.—120

p Berlioz, Hector (1803-1869)—French composer.—268-69

p Berman, Yakov A lexandrovlch (1868- 1933)—Russian philosopher and lawyer, Social-Democrat. One of the authors of the revisionist Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism (1908) in which he undertook a revision of dialectical materialism.—266

p Bernstein, Eduard (1850-1932)— leader of the extreme opportunist wing in the German Social Democracy and the Second International, theoretician of revisionism and reformism.—31-37, 45, 55, 71-72, 73-74, 75-77, 85, 104, 129, 132, 156, 182, 201, 202, 237, 527, 594

p Berthelot, Marcelin (1827-1907)— French chemist.—97

p Bismarck, Otto von (1815-1898)— German and Prussian statesman and diplomat, Chancellor of the German Empire (1871-1890).— 478

p Blanc, Louis (1811-1882)—French petty-bourgeois socialist and historian, took a conciliatory stand 671 with respect to the bourgeoisie.— 365, 504, 519, 525-26. 555-56

p Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805-1881) —French revolutionary, Utopian communist; organised a number of secret societies and conspiracies.—531, 532-33, 559, 561

p Blok, Alexander Alexandrovich (1880-1921)—Russian poet.—398

p Bogdanov (Malinovsky, Alexander Alexandrovich) (1873-1928)— Russian Social-Democrat, philosopher and sociologist. Tried to create his own philosophical system—empiriomonism (a variant of Machism).—104, 113, 131, 174, 188-96, 197-203, 205, 210, 213, 214-20, 222, 224-25, 227-29, 232-33, 234-36, 238, 241, 245, 247, 249, 253, 255-59, 262-64, 267, 270, 271, 272-79, 282, 300-01, 313-14, 315-16, 319, 332, 348, 349, 412, 420, 456-57

p Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen (1851-1914)— bourgeois economist; representative of the Austrian school of political economy.—53

p Bolingbroke. Henry St. John (1678- 1751)—English statesman and writer.—585, 588

p Bonnal, Guillaume (1844-1917)— French general, military theoretician and historian.—54-55, 146

p Booth, Charles (1840-1916)—British writer and statistician.—187

p Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe (1711- 1787)—Croatian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist.—598

p Boileau, Nicolas (1636-1711)— French poet and theoretician of Classicism.—189

p Bourgin, Hubert (b. 1874)—French historian, author of works on the history of socialist thought.— 365, 516-17

p Boutroux, Emile (1845-1921)— French positivist philosopher, a defender of mysticism and religion.—487-91

p Bray, John Francis (1809-1897)— English economist; Utopian socialist, a follower of Owen; developed the theory of "labour money".—523, 550

p Briand, Aristide (1862-1932)— French statesman and diplomat.—464

p Brinton, Daniel (1837-1899)— American linguist, folklorist, and ethnographer.—321, 340

p Brunetiere, Ferdinand (1849- 1906)—French critic, literary historian and theorist.—488

p Bryusov, Valery Yakovlevich (1873- 1924)—Russian poet.—398

p Biicher, Karl (1847-1930)— German economist and statistician.— 151-52

p Buchez, Philippe (1796-1865)— French politician and historian, bourgeois republican, an ideologist of Christian socialism.— 525, 530

p Biichner, Georg (1813-18371— German dramatist and writer, revolutionary democrat, one of tho founders of the secret Society of Human Rights (1834).—358, 567-69

p Biichner, Ludwig (1824-1899)— German physiologist and vulgar materialist philosopher.—94, 24(5, 567

p Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821-1802)— English historian and positivist sociologist.—147-48

p Bulgakov, Sergei Nikolayevich (1871-1944)—bourgeois economist and idealist philosopher, sought to revise Marx’s teaching on the agrarian question.—60. 62-63. 180, 306, 309, 341, 413

p Buonarroti, Filippo (1761-1837)— Italian revolutionary, took a prominent part in the French revolutionary movement of the late 18th-early 19th centuries; Utopian communist, collaborated with Babeuf.-532, 553, 559, 561

p Burton, Richard (1821-1890)— British geographer and traveller —145

p Byron, George Gordon (1788-1824) —English poet.—566, 572

p Cabet, Etienne (1788-1856)—French Utopian communist; author of Voyage en Icarie.—124, 365, 506, 529, 530, 533, 556, 560

p Caesar, Gains Julius (100-44 B. C.)— Roman general and statesman.— 144, 148, 165

672

p Calvin, Jean (1,509-1564)— outstanding figure in the Reformation, founder of Calvinism.— 519

p Carlyle, Thomas (1795-1836)— Scottish reactionary historian, philosopher and publicist.—352 Carrel, Armand (1800-1836)—

p French liberal publicist.—87 Cassagne, Albert (1869-1916)— French literary and art critic.— 399

p Castelar, Emilia (1832-1899)— Spanish bourgeois political figure, leader of the right republicans, historian and writer.—635

p Challamel, A ugustin (1818-1894)— French man of letters; author of a number of books on the history of art.—168-69

p Chalmers, Mitchell—see Mitchell Peter Chalmers.

p Champjleury (pseudonim of Jules Fleury) (1821-1889)—French writer and literary critic.—399

p Chantepie de la Saussaye, Pierre Daniel (1848-1920)—Dutch theologian and historian.—325, 332, 338, 344

p Charlety, Sebastien Camille Gustave (b. 1867)—French historian.— 508, 518

p Chateaubriand, Francois-Rene de (1768-1848)—French writer, reactionary statesman and diplomat.—530

p Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich (1860- 1904)—Russian writer.—356, 592

p Chelpanov, Georgi Ivanovich (1862- 1936)—Russian psychologist and idealist philosopher.—578

p Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889)—Russian revolutionary democrat, philosopher, writer and literary critic.—615

p Chesneau, Ernest Alfred (1833- 1890)—French art critic.—169

p Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B. C.)—Roman orator, statesman and writer.—62

p Ciccotti, Ettore (1863-1939)— Italian politician, professor of Roman history.—168

p Cleisthenes (6th century B.C.)— Athenian statesman, carried out reforms aimed at abolishing the remnants of the tribal system and establishing a slave-holding democracy.—202

p Cleopatra (69-30 B. C.)—Queen of Egypt.-197

p Clifford, William (1845-1879)— English mathematician and subjective idealist philosopher.—98

p Comte, A uguste (1798-1857)—French philosopher and sociologist, founder of positivism.—58, 431, 433

p Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de (1715- 1780)—French deist philosopher, exponent of doctrine of sensationalism.—171

p Condorcet, Jean Antoine (1743- 1794)—French

p Enlightener, worked out an idealist theory of historical progress stemming from the continual advancement of the human mind.—482, 561, 588

p Confucius (551-479 B.C.)— Chinese philosopher.—382

p Considerant, Victor (1808-1893)— French Utopian socialist, an outstanding disciple of Fourier.— 500-01, 511, 517, 525-28, 556, 559

p Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543)— great Polish astronomer, founder of the heliocentric theory of the Universe.—429

p Cornelius, Hans (1863-1947)— German professor of philosophy, subjective idealist.—66, 240

p Coste, Adolphe (1842-1901)—French positivist sociologist.—160

p Cratylus (5th century B.C.)—Greek idealist philosopher.—77, 452

p Croce, Benedetto (1866-1952)— Italian philosopher, historian, literary critic and politician; was a critic of Marxism.—132

p Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658)— outstanding figure in the English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century.—165, 551

p D

p D’Alembert, Jean le Bond (1717- 1783)—French mathematician and philosopher, one of the Encyclopaedists.—588

p Dalcroze—see Jaques-Dalcroze.

p Dante, Alighieri (1265-1321)— Italian poet of the Renaissance.— 168, 339

673

p Danton, Georges Jacques (1759- 1794)—prominent figure in the French bourgeois revolution at the end of the 18th century.— 568

p Darthe, Augustin Alexandre (1769- 1797)—political figure in the French bourgeois revolution at the end of the 18th century; took part in Babeuf’s " Conspiracy of Equals".—553 Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882) —great English naturalist; founded the scientific theory of evolution.—80, 109-10, 140-41 David, Jacques Louis (1748-1825)— French painter; founder of revolutionary classicism.—162 Dauge, Pavel Georgiyevich (1869- 1946)—Social-Democrat, Bolshevik historian, publicist; from 1907 to 1912 engaged in publishing activity. In his philosophical works of the period he sought to oppose Dietzgen’s views to dialectical materialism—98, 103-04, 111, 113, 115-16, 253, 266

p Debon—Babouvist; took part in the "Conspiracy of Equals".— 553

p Deborin, Abram Moiseyevich (1881- 1963)—Soviet philosopher; author of works on dialectical materialism and the history of philosophy.—577-78, 589, 598 Delacroix, Eugene (1798-1863)— French painter of the romantic school.—168-69

p Delbet, Pierre (b. 1861)—French surgeon and professor of medicine.—597

p De Maistre, Joseph (1753-1821)— French writer; a monarchist; ideologist of aristocratic and clerical reaction.—230 Democritus (c. 460-370 B. C.)— Greek materialist philosopher.— 102, 117, 440, 468 Descartes, Rene (1596-1650)—French deist philosopher, mathematician and naturalist.—123, 171, 299, 383, 444, 591, 594 Dechamps, Emile (1819-1904)—

p French ethnographer.—314 Desjardins, Abel (1814-1886)— French historian.—505, 509

p De Vries, Jingo (1848-1935)—Dutch botanist; introduced the mutation theory (1900-1901)—140 Dezamy, Theodore (1803-1850)— French publicist, representative of the revolutionary trend of Utopian communism.—124, 523, 560, 562

p Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)—French materialist philosopher, an ideologist of the French bourgeois revolution of the 18th century; head of the Encyclopaedists.— 72-73, 94, 107, 113, 129, 178, 201, 291, 346, 358, 534, 594, 595 Diehl, Karl (1864-1943)—German economist and sociologist.—134, 505

p Dietzel, Heinrich (b. 1857)— German economist.—576 Dietzgen, Eugen (1862-1930)—son of Joseph Dietzgen and publisher of his works; considered it necessary to “supplement” Marxism with his father’s theory, which he understood poorly and advanced as a special system of “naturmonism”.—98, 104-06, 115 Dietzgen, Joseph (1828-1888)— German worker, Social-Democrat, philosopher; arrived independently at the fundamentals of dialectical materialism.—98- 105, 106-16, 118, 134, 188, 197, 361

p Diogenes of Apollonia (5th century B. C.)—Greek materialist philosopher.—581, 593

p Dobrolyubov, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836-1861)—Russian literary critic, publicist and materialist philosopher.—402 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881)—Russian novelist.— 367, 378, 385, 406 Doumbadze, Ivan Antonovich (1851-1916)—general in the tsarist army, reactionary, governor of Yalta.—189

p Du Bois-Reymond, Emil (1818- 1896)—German physiologist, known for his work in electrophysiology; agnostic in his philosophical outlook.—383, 594 Ducros, Louis (b. 1846)—French historian, author of works on eighteenth-century France.—46

p 1/2 ’.3—01230

674

p Duhring, Eugen (1833-1921)— German eclectic philosopher and vulgar economist.—48, 53, 113-14, 127, 139-40, 184-85, 214, 259, 263, 534

p Duncan, Isadora (1878-1927)— American dancer, creator of the free dance.—197

p Dupont, Pierre (1821-1870)—French poet and song-writer, one of the first representatives of workers’ poetry in France.—399

p Erman, Adolph (1854-1937)— German egyptologist.—338

p Espinas, Alfred Victor (1844-1922)— French sociologist and psychologist.—159, 162, 164, 258

p Euclid (3rd century B.C.)—great mathematician of the ancient world.—446

p Euripides (c. 480-406 B.C.)—Greek poet and dramatist.—582

p Eyre, Edward John (1815-1901)— British colonial governor.—155

675

p Foxwell, Herbert Sommers (1849- 1936)—British economist, professor at Cambridge University-548

p Fouillee, Alfred (1838-1912)—French eclectic philosopher.—414

p Fourier, CfcarZ<;s(1772-1837)—French Utopian socialist.—35-39, 40, 45, 365, 493, 495, 496, 497, 502, 507, 510, 516-18, 523-24, 525-28, 533, 554, 556-58, 559, 563-64, 570

p France, Raoul Heinrich (1874- 1943)—German botanist, populariser of biology.—141

p Frank, Semyon Ludvigovich (1877- 1950)—Russian idealist philosopher and economist; criticised Marx’s theory of value.—413

p Frazer, James George (1854-1941)— Scottish anthropologist and historian of religion.—321, 326-27, 333

p Frederick II (1712-1786)—King of Prussia (1740-1786).—54

p Fritsch, Gustav (1838-1927)— German traveller and scientist.— 150

p Friche, Vladimir Maximovich (1870- 1929)—Soviet literary and art critic; before the revolution contributed to Social-Democratic publications.—167

p Frobenius, Leo (1873-1938)— German ethnographer and archeologist; explorer of Africa.—150, 318

p Fromentin, Eugene (1820-1876)— French painter and writer.—613

p Godwin, William (1756-1836)— English writer and publicist, one of the fathers of anarchism.— 534, 536, 540, 549

p Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (1749- 1832)—great German poet and thinker.—196, 372, 402, 566

p Gogol, Nikolai Vasilyevich (1809- 1852)—Russian writer.—367, 378

p Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Arseni Arkadyevich (1848-1913)—Russian poet.—398

p Gomperz, Theodor (1832-1912)— German positivist philosopher and philologist, historian of ancient literature.—132, 451, 579

p Gorky, Maxim (Peshkov, Alexel Maximovich) (1868-1936)— Russian writer, father of Soviet literature.—367-80, 383

p Goschel, Karl Friedrich (1781-1861)— German philosopher; right-wing Hegelian.—628

p Grave, Jean (1845-1919)—French socialist, a theoretician of anarchism.—504

p Gray, John (1798-1850)—English Utopian socialist.—523, 550-51, 554

p Grimm, Friedrich Melchtor (1723- 1803)—man of letters, diplomat, one of the Encyclopaedists, established the Correspondence litreraire.—48, 387

p Grosse, Ernst (1862-1927)—German sociologist, ethnographer, historian of art; positivist.—151

p Griin, Karl (1817-1887)—German petty-bourgeois socialist, one of the theoreticians of "true socialism".-^, 126-27, 129, 131, 135-36, 138, 366, 408, 641

p Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume (1787-1874)—French bourgeois statesman and historian.—165, 510, 531, 551, 558

p Guyau, Marie Jean (1854-1888)— French philosopher and sociologist; idealist.—314, 414, 416- 18

p Echtermeyer, Theodor (1805-1844)— German Young Hegelian.—617

p Edmonds, Thomas Roy (1803-1889)— British economist, Utopian socialist, utilised Ricardo’s theory to draw socialist conclusions.— 525, 550

p Edwards, Jonathan (1703-1758)— American theologian whose teaching became the official philosophy of American Puritanism.—181

p Ehrenreigh, Paul (1855-1914)— German ethnographer.—311-12, 324- 25, 328

p Eleutheropulos, A broteles (b. 1873)— Greek bourgeois sociologist; assistant professor of philosophy at the Zurich University.—162-66

p Enfantin, Barthelemy Prosper (1796- 1864)—French Utopian socialist, follower of Saint-Simon.—502- 03, 506-09, 512-15, 518-19, 523, 557-58, 562, 575

p Engels, Frederick (1820-1895)—31, 36-37, 38, 44-45, 48, 50, 52-53, 55, 59, 60, 63-64, 66-73, 81, 83, 85-86, 98-99, 100-05, 109, 111- 15, 117-23, 124-25, 127-30, 132, 134-38, 139-41, 146, 148, 154-60, 165, 167, 172, 175-78, 181-82, 187, 193, 195-96, 198-200, 203, 207, 209-11, 213-14, 218, 233- 35, 237, 249, 257-59, 263-64, 285, 288, 296, 302, 316-17, 334, 349-53, 355, 365-66, 375, 377-78, 385, 387, 456-57, 481, 534, 549, 553, 572, 576, 580, 582, 596, 599, 604, 607, 617, 625, 634, 640-42

p Epicurus (341-270 B.C.)—Greek materialist philosopher, atheist.—102, 119, 207, 584, 587

p Faraday, Michael (1791-1867)- English physicist, originator of conceptions underlying the modern theory of the electro-magnetic field.—360

p Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (1804- 1872)—German materialist philosopher, atheist.—43, 60, 64, 71- 72, 74, 101-03, 105, 108, 110- 11, 113, 119-41, 149-51, 158, 176, 214, 231-32, 248, 271-72, 347, 349-54, 374, 404, 408, 440, 442, 457, 465-67, 472, 566, 572, 594, 597, 600, 626, 628-43 Feuerherd, Franz—167

p Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762- 1814)—German philosopher, subjective idealist; exponent of classical German philosophy.—64, 66, 86, 203, 222, 237, 242, 246, 272, 578-79, 590, 593, 609, 626- 27, 630, 638

p Filosofov, Dmitri Vladimirovich (1872-1940)—Russian critic and publicist, decadent and mystic.— 412

p Finot, Jean (1858-1922)—French publicist.—148

p Fischer, Cuno (1824-1907)—German historian of philosophy, Hegelian; author of the definitive History of Modern Philosophy.— 77, 82, 614

p Flaubert, Gustave (1821-1880)— French novelist.—395

p Flachat, Stephane—Utopian socialist; Sain t-Simonist.—502

p Flint, Robert (1838-1910)— Scottish sociologist.—171, 467

p Forel, August (1848-1931)—Swiss neurologist, psychiatrist and entomologist.—130, 132-33

p Gassendi, Pierre (1592-1655)—French philosopher, physicist and astronomer; inconsistent materialist.—100

p Gay, Jules (1807-after 1876)—French Utopian communist.—124

p Gennep, Arnold van (b. 1873)— Dutch ethnographer.—311, 323, 328

p Gershenzon, Mikhail Osipovich (1869- 1925)—Russian publicist, historian of literature; criticised democratic traditions of the Russian intelligentsia.—309, 413

p Gillen, Frederick—British ethnographer.—330

p H

p Haeckel, Ernst (1834-1919)— German naturalist; Darwinist.—32, 73, 130, 209, 210, 244, 279

676

p Ifahn, Eduard (1856-1928)— German ethnographer and geographer.—334

p llalevy, Elie (1870-1937)—French historian, specialist in the history of Great Britain.—550

p Hall, Charles (1745-1825)—English Utopian socialist.—537-40, 554

p Harden, Maximilian (literary pseudonym of Witkowsky, Isidor) (1861-1927)—German publicist; gained wide notoriety for his articles on the corrupt lives of the clique of Wilhelm II.—174

p Hartley, David (1704-1757)— English psychologist, materialist philosopher.—107, 534

p Hartmann, Eduard (1842-1906)— German idealist philosopher; mystic.—356

p llauptmann, Gerhart (1862-1946)— German dramatist, representative of naturalism in German literature.—60, 267

p Ilaym, Rudolph (1821-1901)— German historian of literature and philosophy.—627

p Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831)—great German philosopher, objective idealist; developed dialectics in detail.— 41, 42-43, 48, 50-51, 70, 72, 74, 77-83, 86, 100-01, 105-07, 109, 111, 114-16, 119-20, 125, 127- 28, 131, 134, 136-43, 162, 168, 176-78, 202, 214, 222, 224-25, 230-31, 234, 249-50, 252, 267, 286-87, 375, 378, 383, 405, 421, 439, 452, 454, 458, 466, 470, 566, 580, 589, 592-93, 599, 600- 25, 628-30, 632-33, 634, 637

p Heine, Heinrich (1797-1856)—great German poet.—56, 237, 392, 507-08, 562, 615, 642

p llelvetius, Claude Adrien (1715- 1771)—French materialist philosopher; atheist.—38, 71, 94, 107, 200-01, 482, 493, 560, 623

p Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 530-470 B.C.)—Greek materialist philosopher, one of the founders of dialectics.—74, 77, 80, 163-64, 426, 451, 581, 608 llerbart, Johann Friedrich (1776- 1841)—German idealist philosopher, psychologist and educator.—245

p Herve, Gustave (1871-1944)— member of the French Socialist Party, publicist and lawyer. In 1906 founded the newspaper La Guerre Sociale in which he promoted a semi-anarchist programme of struggle against militarism.—84, 91

p Herwegh, Georg (1817-1875)— German political poet.—642 Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812- 1870)—Russian revolutionary democrat, materialist philosopher, writer and publicist.—Ill, 141, 378, 388-89, 393, 396, 504, 569, 599, 616

p Hetherington, Henry (1792-1849)— English workingman, type- setter, active participant in workers’ Owenist organisations, publisher of workers’ newspapers.—548 Hettner, Hermann (1821-1882)— German historian of literature.—643 Hildenbrand, Richard (b. 1840)— German economist, theoretician of money circulation.—148 Hilquit, Morris (1869-1933)— American socialist, author of a number of works of a reformist character on the history of socialism.—548

p Hippius, Zinaida Nikolayevna (1869- 1945)—Russian symbolist writer.—391, 405, 407-09, 412 Hippocrates (c. 460-377 B.C.)— outstanding physician of ancient Greece.—148

p Him, Yrjo (b. 1870)—Finnish aesthetician and historian of literature.—151

p Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679)— English materialist philosopher.— 100, 129, 207, 223-24, 431, 441, 586, 587

p Hodgskin, Thomas (1787-1869)— English economist and publicist, defended the interests of the proletariat and criticised capitalism from the standpoint of Utopian socialism.—523, 551, 554

p Hoernes, Moritz (1852-1917)— Austrian archeologist and historian of primitive culture.—151 Holding, Harold (1843-1931)— Danish philosopher and psychologist; positivist.—358

677

p Holbach, Paul Henri (1723-1789)— French materialist philosopher; atheist.—49, 71, 72, 94, 107, 110, 200-03, 209-11, 217, 233, 249, 358, 440, 493

p Hugo, Victor (1802-1885)—French writer and poet.—168-69, 566

p Hume, David (1711-1776)— Scottish philosopher; subjective idealist.—66, 73, 130, 210, 245, 254, 431, 447, 590

p Hutten, Ulrich von (1488-1523)— German poet, humanist, an ideologist of German chivalry.—476

p Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895) —British naturalist, follower of Darwin.—73, 129

p Huysmans, Joris Karl (1848-1907)— French symbolist writer.—395

p that socialism would not win through class struggle between the proletariat and bourgeoisie but as a result of the " flourishing of the democratic idea".— 85-86

p Jevons, Frank Byron (1858-1936)— English writer, philologist and historian of religion.—326, 335-36

p Joseph II (1741-1790) co-ruler with Maria Theresa of the Austrian dominions (1765-1780) and the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1765-1790).—508

p K

p Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)— German philosopher, founder of classical German idealism.—60-62, 66, 72, 82, 86, 109, 115, 118, 180, 185, 197, 208, 210, 212-13, 218-19, 231, 234-37, 238, 245, 269, 276, 288, 302, 375, 415, 429, 431, 436, 457, 470, 474, 483, 578-79, 587-88, 589-90, 593, 596, 597, 609, 611, 626, 631

p Kautsky, Karl (1854-1938)—a leader in the German Social- Democratic Party and Second International, opportunist, ideologist of Centrism; editor of the theoretical journal, Die Neue Zeit.— 53, 118, 175, 282, 369

p Keller, Gottfried (1819-1890)—Swiss writer.—642

p Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)— outstanding German astronomer.— 35

p Khomyakov, Alexei Stepanovich (1804-1860)—Russian writer, an ideologist of Slavophilism.—631

p Kirchmann, Julius von (1802-1884) —German philosopher and publicist.—573-74

p Kireyevsky, Ivan Vasilyevich (1806- 1856)—Russian publicist, mystic, philosopher, an ideologist of Slavophilism.—364

p Korobov, A. M.—religious seeker of the 1870s and 1880s.—358

p Krause, Aurel (1848-1908)— German ethnographer.—328

p Kriege, Hermann (1820-1850)— German journalist, representative of "true socialism".—366, 378

p Jlyin, VI.—see Lenin, V. I. Imthurn, Johann Heinrich—British ethnographer and astronomer.—

p 317 Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique (1780-1867)—French painter.—

p 168 Ivanov, Ivan Ivanovich (1862-1929)

p —Russian historian and literary critic.—572 Ivanov, Vyacheslav Ivanovich (1866-

1949)—Russian symbolist poet.—

398

p Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich (1743- 1819)—German idealist philosopher, criticised rationalism and defended faith and intuition as the most reliable ways to knowledge.—241

p Jaques-Dalcroze, Emile (1865-1950) —Swiss music teacher and composer.—564

p James, William (1842-1910)— American idealist philosopher; founder of pragmatism in modern philosophy.—282

p Jaures, Jean (1859-1914)— prominent figure in the French and international socialist movement, historian; staunch defender of democracy and popular freedoms, fought for peace and against imperialist wars, however, felt

678

p Kropotkin, Pi/otr Ale.xeyevich (1842- 1921)—a leading theoretician of anarchism.—411, 504

p Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich (1769- 1844)—Russian fabulist.—267, 367, 449

p Kuhlmann, Georg (1812-?)—secret informer in the service of the Austrian government; in Switzerland preached the ideas of "true socialism" shrouded in religious phraseology.—366

p Laplace, Pierre Simon de (1749- 1827)—French astronomer, mathematician and physicist.—173 348

p Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864)— petty-bourgeois socialist, opportunist in the German labour movement.—124, 358, 568, 609

p Lasswitz, Kurt (1848-1910)— German novelist and neo-Kantian philosopher.—72

p Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646- 1716)—German scientist and rationalist philosopher, objective idealist.—171, 239, 404, 410, 445

p Legitimus—Negro deputy to the Paris Parliament from the island of Martinique.—293

p Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924) (Ilyin, VI.)—196, 228

p Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, Felix (1769-1837)—French revolutionary, friend of Babeuf.—553

p Lermontov, MikhailYuryevich (1814- 1841)—Russian poet.—406

p Leroux, Pierre (1797-1871)—French petty-bourgeois Utopian socialist; evolved a theory of Christian socialism.—365, 492, 504, 520, 521-23, 525, 530, 533, 555, 562, 564-66.

p Lesseps, Ferdinand (1805-1894)— French engineer and businessman, organised construction of the Suez Canal; president of the French Panama Canal Company.—518

p Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729- 1781)—German thinker, critic, publicist, and dramatist.—56, 445

p Levy, Albert (1844-1907)—French professor, philosopher and art critic.—642.

p Lewes, George Henry (1817-1878)— English positivist philosopher and Darwinian physiologist.— 488

p Linneaus (Carl Von Linne) (1707- 1778)—Swedish naturalist, devised a system for classifying flora and fauna.—81, 82-83

p Littre, Emile (1801-1881)—French positivist philosopher.—258

p Loria, Achille (1857-1943)— Italian sociologist and economist, 679 representative of vulgar political economy, falsifier of Marxism.—161

p Lossky, Nikolai Onufriyevich (b. 1870)—Russian reactionary idealist philosopher.—77, 82.

p Lotze, Hermann (1817-1881)— German physiologist and idealist philosopher.—332

p Louis XIV (1638-1715)—King of France (1643-1715).-510

p Louis XVI (1754-1793)—King of France (1774-1792), guillotined by the decree of the Convention.—536

p Louis Bonaparte—see Napoleon III.

p Louis Philippe (1773-1850)—King of the French (1830-1848).— 496, 501, 507, 525

p Lovett, William (1800-1877)— English Chartist leader.—548

p Lucretius, Titus Cams (c. 99-55 B. C.)—outstanding Roman poet, materialist philosopher, author of De Rerum Natura.—58, 207, 584

p Lunacharsky, Anatoli Vasilyevich (1875-1933)—professional revolutionary, prominent Soviet statesman and public figure. During the period of reaction (1907-1910) professed Machismand god- building.—195, 202, 211, 220, 256, 309, 341, 348-65, 366-74, 376-77, 379-80, 413, 414, 420

p Luther, Martin (1483-1546)— founder of Protestantism in Germany. —58, 519

p Liitgenau, Franz (b. 1857)—German Social-Democrat and journalist.—284-93

p M

p Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de (1709- 1785)—French Utopian communist.—552

p Mach, Ernst (1838-1916)—Austrian physicist and idealist philosopher, one of the founders of empiric-criticism.—66, 115, 118, 133, 185, 196-97, 202-03, 209-10, 212, 214, 219-20, 221-22, 227, 229, 231, 234, 235-51, 257-58, 260, 264-66, 270, 274, 276-78, 280, 283, 294, 299, 301, 315, 317, 357, 384, 428, 431, 442, 457, 632

p Machiavelli, Niccolb (1469-1527)— Italian statesman and thinker.— 386

p Maeterlinck, Maurice (1862-1949)— Belgian symbolist writer.—398, 400

p Makhaisky, V. ft.—see Volsky, A. Malebranche, Nicolas (1638-1715)— French idealist philosopher. —171

p Mallery, Garrick (1831-1894)— American ethnographer and historian.—151

p Mallet du Pan, Jacques (1749-1800) —French political figure and publicist.—588

p Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766- 1834)—English clergyman and economist, advanced a reactionary theory of over-population.— 523, 536

p Malykh, Maria Alexandrovna— (b. 1879)—publisher of revolutionary literature in tsarist Russia.—139

p Mandeville, Bernard (1670-1733)— British writer, moralist, and economist.—204

p Marconi, Guglielmo (1874-1937)— Italian electrical engineer and entrepreneur.—360 Marechal, Pierre Sylvain (1750- 1803)—French philosopher and publicist; theoretician of Babouvism.—553

p Marheineke, Philipp (1780-1846)— German theologian and philosopher, right Hegelian.—628 Marx, Karl (1818-1883)—36, 44, 45, 50-51, 53, 57, 61, 63-65, 66-70, 72-74, 78-79, 81-82, 85-86, 90, 93-94, 95-96, 100-06, 109, 111-13, 114-23, 124-25, 127-30, 132-44, 147-51, 153-58, 160, 162, 164-68, 171-79, 182-83, 184-87, 189-93, 194, 197, 198-201, 203- 05, 210-13, 231, 233, 249, 256-58, 260, 264, 285, 287-88, 293, 295, 296, 301, 305, 331, 334, 342, 349, 351-53, 355, 358-59, 365, 371, 375, 377-80, 403, 410, 413, 420, 457, 482, 492-93, 504, 542, 550-51, 553, 560, 571, 572, 576, 582, 599, 603-04, 607, 617, 621, 622, 626, 635, 639-42 Mehring, Franz (1846-1919)— German historian and publicist,

p Labriola, Antonio (1843-1904)— Italian man of letters and Marxist philosopher.—98, 103

p Labriola, Arturo (1875-1959)—a leader of the anarcho-syndicalist movement in Italy.—195, 362

p Labriola, Teresa—daughter of Antonio Labriola, studied problems of philosophy and law.—149

p Lacombe, Paul Joseph (1833-1919)— French historian and sociologist.—295

p Laharpe, Jean Francois de (1739- 1803)—French dramatist and critic, theoretician of French classicism.—206

p La Mennais, Felicite Robert de (1782-1854)—French abbot, publicist, an ideologist of Christian socialism.—230.

p La Mettrie, Julien Offray de (1709- 1751)—French physician and materialist philosopher.—72, 107, 110, 113, 129, 200-01

p Lamprecht, Karl (1856-1915)— German liberal tendency, historian, a positivist in his philosophical views.—173.

p Lang, Andrew (1844-1912)— Scottish scholar, dealt with the origins of religion and mythology, and the history of literature.— 150, 324, 328, 329

p Lange, Friedrich Albert (1828- 1875)—German philosopher, neoKantian.—120, 124, 201, 207, 350, 442, 446, 454, 589, 593, 631

p Z-onsore, Gttsiaw?(1857-1934)—French historian of literature.—171

l.ao-Tse (6th to 5th centuries B.C.)—Chinese philosopher.—389

680 Marxist. Author of several works on the history of Germany and German Social Democracy; biographer of Marx.—119-23, 570

p Merezhkovsky, Dmitri Sergeyevich (1866-1941)—Russian symbolist writer, mystic and god-builder.— 309, 341, 363, 377, 379-85, 387-98, 401-02, 405-08, 412

p Metternich, Klemens (1773-1859)— reactionary Austrian statesman, and diplomat.—507

p Meyer, Fritz (b. 1864)—German historian and ethnographer.— 161

p Meyer, Hermann Rudolph (1839- 1899)—German economist and publicist, biographer of Rodbertus.—575

p Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475- 1564)—great Italian sculptor, painter and architect.—137, 532, 558-59

p Michelet, Karl Ludwig (1801- 1893)—German Hegelian philosopher.—628

p Mignet, Francois Auguste (1796- 1884)—French liberal historian. -165, 510, 531, 551

p Mikhailovsky, Nikolai Konstantinovich (1842-1902)—Russian sociologist, publicist, and literary critic. Waged a struggle against Marxism in the legally published magazines which he edited.— 83, 167, 402

p Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873)— English bourgeois economist and positivist philosopher.—148, 388, 431, 433, 551

p Milloue, Leon de (b. 1842)—French historian of religion.—337

p Minsky, N. (Vilenkin, Nikolai Maximovich] (1855-1937)— Russian Decadent poet.—309, 341, 387, 392-95, 397-398, 400, 407, 410-12

p Mitchell, Peter Chalmers (1864- 1945)—British biologist.—591

p Moffat, Robert (1795-1883)— Scottish missionary in South Africa.—324

p Moleschott, Jacob (1822-1893)— Dutch philosopher and physiologist, representative of vulgar materialism.—594, 639-41

p Moliere, Jean Raptiste (1622-

p 1673)—great French dramatist__214, 220, 256

p Moltke, (Jr.) Helmuth (1848- 1916)—German general, chief of general staff (1906-1914).—54,174

p Morgan, Lewis (1818-1881)— outstanding American scientist, archeologist, ethnographer; engaged in the study of primitive society.—142, 154, 165, 335

p Morris, William (1834-1896)— English poet and artist, adherent of Utopian socialism.—398, 400

p Mortillet, Gabriel (1821-1898)— French anthropologist and archeologist.—151

p Miiller, Max (1823-1900)—British philologist and orientalist.—288, 289

p Muller, Sophus (1846-1934)-Danish archeologist.—151

Munzer, Thomas (c. 1490-1525)— leader and spokesman of the peasantry during the Reformation and the Peasant War of 1525 in Germany.—47

681 classical mechanics.—35, 37, 173, 257, 527, 627

p Noire, Ludwig (1829-1889)— German philosopher.—149

p Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg) (1772-1801)—German romanticist writer; idealised the Middle Ages.—627

p O

p Ogilvie, William (1736-1819)— British Utopian socialist.—537

p Oltramare, Paul Jean (b. 1854)— French historian of religion.— 343

p Orcagna, Andrea (c. 1308-c. 1368)— Italian sculptor, painter, and architect.—315

p Ostwald, Wilhelm Friedrich (1853- 1932)—German chemist and idealist philosopher; exponent of energism, a variety of Machism. —118, 446, 598

p Ovsyanikn-Kulikovsky, Dmitri Nikolayevich (1853-1920)—Russian literary critic and linguist.—414- 16

p Owen, Robert (1771-1858)— British Utopian socialist.—34-36, 38-40, 534, 539-50, 562

p Peshekhonov, Alexei Vasilyevich (1867-1933) Russian publicist and statistician; a right-wing Narodnik.—523

p Peter I (1672-1725)—Russian tsar (1682-1721)—and emperor (1721- 1725).—351

p Petzoldt, Joseph (1862-1929)— German idealist philosopher, pupil of Mach and Avenarius.—222, 231, 384, 424-37. 439-54

p Pfau, Ludwig (1821-1894)— German lyrical poet and literary critic.—643

p Picavet, Francois Joseph (1851- 1921)—French historian of philosophy.—163

p Pisarev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1840- 1868)—Russian literary critic, materialist philosopher, and revolutionary democrat.—402

p Plato (427-347 B.C.)—Greek philosopher, objective idealist.— 76-77, 82, 217. 221, 339, 440, 595, 601, 614

p Plotinus (204-270)—Greek mystic philosopher.—298

p Poincare, Henri (1854-1912)— French mathematician and physicist; in his philosophical views was close to Machism.—197

p Polenz, Wilhelm von (1861-1903)— German writer.—285

p Powell, John Wesley (1834-1902)— American ethnographer.—336

p Price, Richard (1723-1791)—Welsh radical publicist, economist and moral philosopher.—200

p Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804)— English chemist and materialist philosopher.—71-72, 107, 200, 217, 534, 582, 598

p Protagoras of Abdera (481-411 B.C.) —Greek sophist philosopher, ideologist of slave-holding democracy.—428-29, 431, 440, 451-52

p Protopopov, Mikhail Alexeyevich (1848-1915)—Russian literary critic, liberal Narodnik.—397

p Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1809- 1865)—French publicist, economist and sociologist, ideologist of the petty bourgeoisie, one of the founders of anarchism.— 81, 138. 351, 366, 504-05, 509, 512, 517, 525, 550, 554-55, 575

p N

p N.G.— see Zhitlovsky, N. G.

p Napoleon I Bonaparte (1769-1821)— French Emperor (1804-1814 and 1815).—54, 144, 165, 496, 499, 507-08

p Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) (1808-1873)—French Emperor (1852-1870)-508-09

p Naville, Jules Ernest (1816-1909)— Swiss publicist and theologian.—217

p Nekrasov, Nikolai Alexeyevich (1821-1878)—Russian poet and democrat.—65

p Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900)— reactionary German philosopher, voluntarist and irrationalist.—170, 360, 378, 384, 386, 387, 401, 422

p Nieuwenhuis, Ferdinand Domela (1846-1919)—one of the founders of the Dutch Social-Democratic Party; an anarchist.—91

p Newton, Issac (1642-1727)— English physicist, astronomer and mathematician, founder of

p Paine, Thomas (1737-1809)— American political figure and publicist.—537

p Paget—disciple of Fourier.—502

p Pannekoek,’ Anthony (1873-1960)— Dutch left-wing socialist; actively opposed reformism. After 1921 withdrew from political activity.—93-97, 106

p Parmenides (late 6th century-early 5th century B.C.)—Greek philosopher; chief representative of the Eleatic school.—80, 426, 440-41

p Paulsen, Friedrich (1846-1908)— German educationist and neoKantian philosopher.—454

p Pereire, Isaac (1806-1880)—French financier, follower of SaintSimon.—514

p Pericles, (c. 490-429 B. C.)— leader of the Athenian slave- holding democracy.—464

p 44—01230

682

p Pushkin, Alexander Sergey evich (1799-1837)—great Russian poet.—193

p Q

p Quelch, Harry (1858-1913)—a leader of the left wing of the British socialists.—61

p Richter, Raoul Hermann (1871- 1912)—German idealist philosopher.—459-61, 463, 465-66, 467-480

p Rickert, Heinrich (1863-1936)— German philosopher and sociol ogist, one of the main representatives of the Baden school of neo-Kantianism.—481-86

p Robespierre, Maximilien (1758- 1794)—one of the chief figures in the French bourgeois revolution at the end of the 18th century, head of the revolutionary government of the Jacobin dictatorship.—552

p Robinet, Jean Baptiste Rene (1735- 1820)—French materialist philosopher, deist.—74

p Robiquet, Paul (1848-1928)—French lawyer and writer.—561

p Rodbertus-Jagetzow, Karl Johann (1805-1875)—German economist, spokesman of the bourgeoisified Prussian Junkers.—545, 551, 572

p Rodrigues, Benjamin Olinde (1794- 1851)—French economist, propagator of Saint-Simon’s ideas, founder of the journal Le Producteur.—5Q8

p Rosenkranz, Johann Karl Friedrich (1805-1879)—German Hegelian philosopher and historian of literature.—628

p Rothschilds—a dynasty of financiers who founded banking establishments in various European countries.—519J

p Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712- 1778)—outstanding French Enlightener and democrat, ideologist of the petty bourgeoisie.— 163, 200

p Rousset, Leonce (1850-1938)— professor at the Ecole Superieure de la Guerre, author of works on the history of military affairs.— 54-55, 146

p Rozancv, Vasili Vasilyevich (1856- 1919)—Russian philosopher, publicist and critic, preached idealism and mysticism.—310

p Rozhkov, Nikolai A lexandrovich (1868-1927)—Russian historian and publicist, representative of "legal Marxism”.—167

683

p Ruge, Arnold (1802-1880)—German radical publicist, Young Hegelian, in 1843 published the Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbiicher jointly with Marx.—617

p Rumyantsev, Pyotr Petrovich (1870- 1925)—Russian writer and statistician, editor of and contributor to Bolshevik periodicals.—93

p Russell, John (1792-1878)—British statesman.—550

p Schopenhauer, A rthur (1788-1860)— German philosopher, subjective idealist.—59, 61, 245, 582

p Schuppe, Wilhelm (1836-1913)— German philosopher, subjective idealist.—220, 245, 428, 433

p Schurtz, Heinrich (1863-1903)—Ger« man ethnographer and historian of culture.—151

p Schweinfurth, Georg A ugust (1836- 1925)—German ethnographer and naturalist, explorer of Africa.—143, 151, 332

p Sechenov, Ivan Mikhailovich (1829- 1905)—Russian naturalist, founder of materialist physiology.— 226-27

p See, Henri Eugene (1864-1936)— French historian.—161

p Seligman, Edwin (1861-1939)— American bourgeois economist, Columbia University professor.— 174, 175

p Serov, Valentin Alexandrovich (1865-1911)—Russian painter, one of the great masters of portrait painting.—398

p Shakespeare, William (1564-1616)— great English writer.—233

p Shilov, Nikolai Alexandrovich (1872- 1930)—Russian professor of chemistry.—599

p Shulyatikov, Vladimir Mikhailovich (1872-1912)—Russian literary critic and philosopher; opposed idealism from positions of vulgar sociology, thereby distorting Marxism.—299-305, 313, 420

p Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph (1748- 1836)—French abbe, prominent figure in the French bourgeois revolution at the end of the 18th century, representative of the big bourgeoisie.—512

p Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard. Simonde de (1773-1842)—Swiss economist, petty-bourgeois critic of capitalism.—172

p Skabichevsky, Alexander Mikhailovich (1838-1910)—Russian critic and historian of literature.— 397

p Smith, Adam (1723-1790)—Scottish economist, one of the most outstanding representatives of the classical bourgeois political economy.—572, 574, 604

p 44*

p R

p Raphael (Raffaello Sarizio) (1483- 1520)—great painter of the Italian Renaissance.—358, 399

p Ratzel, Friedrich (1844-1904)— German geographer and ethnographer; regarded geographical environment as the chief factor in the development of human society.—143-46, 147-48, 150, 173, 315

p Ravenstone, Plercy (d. 1830)— British economist; defended the interests of the proletariat.—550

p Reclus, Jean Jacques Elisee (1830- 1905)—French geographer and sociologist; a theoretician of anarchism.—311, 504

p Reinach, Salomon (1858-1932)— French historian of culture, art critic and archeologist.—331

p Reincke, Johannes (1849-1931)— German naturalist and botanist.—210

p Renan, Ernest (1823-1892)—French historian of religion, idealist philosopher known for his works on the history of the origins of Christianity.—393-95

p Repin, Ilya Yefimovich (1844- 1930)—Russian realist painter.— 398

p Rey, Abel (1873-1940)—French positivist philosopher.—598

p Reynaud, Jean (1806-1863)—French Utopian socialist, Saint- Simonist; later an adherent of Christian socialism.—520-22, 525, 556

p Rhys Davids, Thomas William (1843-1922)—English orientalist.—343-45

p Ricardo, David (1772-1823)— English economist, outstanding representative of classical bourgeois political economy.—512- 13, 549, 572

p Saint-Just, Louis Antoine (1767- 1794)—prominent figure in the French bourgeois revolution at the end of the 18th century, one of the Jacobin leaders. —552

p Saint-Simon, Claude Henri (1/60- 1825)—great French Utopian socialist.—36, 151. 365, 498-500, 502, 506-12, 514-16, 518-19, 521, 523-24, 525-30, 533, 554-55, 557- 58, 559, 561

p Saltykov- Shchedrin (Shchedrin), Mikhail Yevgrafovich (1826- 1889)—Russian satirist.—197, 402, 561

p Samarin, Yuri Fyodorovich (1819- 1876)—Russian writer and publicist; Slavophil.—631

p Sand, George (Dudevant, Aurore) (1804-1876)—French writer.— 230, 566

p Sarrasin, Paul (1856-1929)—Swiss traveller, zoologist and ethnographer.—314, 322

p Say, Jean Baptiste (1767-1832)— French economist, representative of vulgar political economy.— 513, 525, 604

p Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm (1775- 1854)—German idealist philosopher, representative of classical German philosophy.—41, 44, 50, 119, 130, 134, 179, 266, 278-79, 382-83, 580, 592-93, 600-01, 607, 610-11, 614, 618, 627-28, 630, 638

p Schiller, Johann Friedrich (1759- 1805)—German writer.—421, 572

p Schmidt, Conrad (1863-1932)— German Social-Democrat, revisionist.—132-33, 201, 223, 225, 235, 296

684

p Socrates (469-399 B. C.)—Greek idealist philosopher.—402, 581, 609-10

p Sollogub, Fyodor (real name Teternikov, Fyodor Kuzmich) (1863- 1927)—Russian writer, representative of symbolism.—398

p Sorel, Georges (1847-1922)—French philosopher and sociologist, prominent theoretician of anarchosyndicalism.—361

p Speke, John Manning (1827-1864)— English traveller and African explorer.—155

p Spence, Thomas (1750-1814)— British public figure.—537

p Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903)— British positivist philosopher and sociologist.—60, 62

p Spencer, Walter Baldwin (1860- 1929)—English ethnographer.— 330

p Spinoza, Baruch (Benedict) (1632- 1677)—Dutch materialist philosopher, rationalist, atheist.— 71-73, 113, 126-27, 129, 141, 171, 178, 232, 298, 405, 443-50, 587, 594-96, 629, 630-32

p Stammler, Rudolf (1859-1939)— German jurist and neo-Kantian philosopher.—52, 57, 156, 178- 81

p Stanley, Henry Morton (real name— John Rowlands) (1841-1904) British geographer, traveller, and explorer of Africa.—145

p Steinen, Karl (1855-1929)—German ethnographer and traveller.— 151-52, 318, 327-28

p Stephen, Leslie (1832-1904)— English critic, man of letters, and first editor of the Dictionary of National Biography.— 535, 587

p Stirner, Max (pseudonym of Kaspar Schmidt) (1806-1856)— German philosopher, Young Hegelian, an ideologist of bourgeois individualism.—641

p Stolpner, Boris Grigoryerich (1871- 1937)—translated a number of philosophical works into Russian, particularly those of Hegel.—459, 460, 474

p Strakhov, Nikolai Nikolayevich (1828-1896)—Russian publicist, critic, philosopher and economist.—396, 589

p Strauss, David (1808-1874)— German philosopher and publicist; a prominent Young Hegelian.— 354, 600, 617-23, 628

p Struve, Pyotr Bernhardovich (1870- 1944)—Russian bourgeois economist and publicist; one of the most prominent representatives of "legal Marxism”.—180, 196, 309, 341, 413

p Sudermann, Hermann (1857-1928)— German writer and dramatist.— 208

Suinarokov, Alexander Petrovich (1717-1777)—Russian writer, a representative of Russian classicism.—390

685 philosophy, especially his dialectics.—74, 77-78, 80, 603

p Tsertelev, Dmitri Nikolayevich (1852-1911)—Russian writer.— 398

p Tucker, Benjamin (1854-1939)— American anarchist, journalist, founder and editor of a number of anarchist publications.—410

p Turati, Filippo (1857-1932)— prominent figure in the Italian labour movement, one of the leaders of the reformist wing oi the Italian Socialist Party.—118

p Turgeneu, Ivan Sergeyevich (1818- 1883)—Russian writer.—88, 403

p Tylor, Edward Burnett (1832-1917) —English anthropologist, student of primitive culture.—96, 98, 132, 151, 290, 302, 312, 316, 319-20, 337, 350-51, 579

p U

p Uberweg, Friedrich (1826-1871)— German historian of philosophy and psychologist.—74, 76, 78, 80, 471

p Untermann Ernest—American socialist, revisionist.—100-03, 115

p Uspensky, Gleb Ivanovich (1843- 1902)—Russian novelist and publicist; revolutionary democrat.— 194, 305, 333

p philosophy known as "Lovers of Wisdom”.—225

p Verhaeren, Emile (1855-1916)— Belgian poet.—398, 400

p Verworn, Max (1863-1921)— German physiologist.—231, 458

p Vidal, Francois (1814-1872)—French Utopian socialist, took part in the 1848 revolution.—525

p Violand—567

p Virgil (70-19 B.C.)—Roman poet.— 168

p Vogt, Karl (1817-1895)—German naturalist, vulgar materialist.— 442

p Volsky, A. (Makhaisky, Yan Vaclav Konstantinovich) (1867-1926)— devised a petty-bourgeois anarchist theory known as " Makhayevism".—63

p Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de (1694-1778)—French deist philosopher, satirist, opposed absolutism and Catholicism.—278, 404, 588, 633

p Vvedensky, Alexander Ivanovich (1856-1925)—Russian neo- Kantian philosopher, author of works on logic and psychology.— 585

p W

p Wagner, Richard (1813-1883)— German composer.—115, 642

p Waitz, Theodor (1821-1864)— German anthropologist, philosopher, and educationalist.—143, 148

p Wallaschek, Richard (1860-1917)— Austrian scholar in the fields of linguistics and musical ethnology, specialist in primitive art.— 151-52

p Watson, James (1799-1874)—British worker, follower of Owen.— 548

p Watteau, Antoine (1684-1721)— French painter.—399

p Webb, Sidney (1859-1947) and Beatrice (1858-1943)—British reformists, authors of a number of works on the history and theory of the British labour movement. -550

p Weisse, Christian Hermann (1808- 1871)—German professor of philosophy.—649

p Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (1828- 1893)—French literary and art critic, philosopher and historian.—48, 50, 170

p Thales (late 7th century-early 6th century B.C.)—Greek materialist philosopher.—166, 577, 583

p Thompson, William (1785-1833)— Irish economist, Utopian socialist, follower of Owen.—523, 548-51, 554, 562

p Thierry, Augustin (1795-1856)— French historian, in his works came close to an understanding of the role of material factors and class struggle in the development of feudal society and the formation of bourgeois society.— 165, 482, 510. 531. 551

p Tiersot, Julien (1857-1936)—French musicologist, author of works on Berlioz, Gluck. and others.—169

p Toland, John (1670-1722)—Irish materialist philosopher.—586

p Tolstoy, Lev Nikolayevich (1828- 1910)—great Russian writer.— 341, 345-48, 367, 378, 406, 501, 565

p Toussenel, Alphonse (1803-1885)— French writer.—523, 526

p Tredyakovsky, Vastly Kirillovich (1703-1769)—Russian poet, philologist and literary theorist.— 195 202

p Trendelenburg, Adolf (1802-1872)— German idealist philosopher and logician; criticised Hegelian

p Vaccaro, Michel Angela (1854- 1937)—Italian sociologist.—149

p Valentinov, N. (pseudonym of Volsky, Nikolai Vladislavovich) (h. 1879)—Social-Democrat, Menshevik and Machist philosopher.—266, 287

p Vandervelde, Emile (1866-1938)— leader of the Belgian Labour Party, extreme opportunist.— 63, 349

p Velichkina, Vera Mikhailovna (1868-1918)—Russian SocialDemocrat, contributed to Bolshevik publications, translated K. Marx and F. Engels into Russian.—284

p Venevilinov, Dmitri Vladimirovich (1805-1827)—Russian poet, active member of a study group in

686

p Weitling, Wilhelm (1808-1871)— prominent figure in the German working-class movement, a theoretician of Utopian egalitarian communism.—36, 365, 567-68, 569-72

p Wigand, Otto (1795-1870)—Leipzig publisher of radical literature.— 643

p Windelband, Wilhelm (1848-1915)— German neo-Kantian philosopher.—63. 217, 221, 419. 421- 23, 440, 457

p Winstanley, Gerard (1009-c. 1652)— ideologist and leader of the Diggers, an extreme left trend in the English bourgeois revolution of the 17th century.—551

p Wundt, Wilhelm Max (1832-1920)— German bourgeois psychologist and idealist philosopher.—311, 455, 457

p X

p Xenophanes—Greek philosopher of the 6th century B.C.—163-64, 333

p Y

p Yushkevich, Pavel Solomonovich (1873-1945)—Russian SocialDemocrat, revisionist of Marxist philosophy, which he sought to replace with empiric-symbolism, a variety of Machism.—222, 266, 287, 451-54

p Russian Narodnik and Social Democratic movements. In the 1880s and 1890s translated into Russian Marx’s The Poverty of Philosophy and Engels’ Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Wrote for Russian liberal and Social-Democratic publications. After the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (1903) became a Menshevik leader.—351, 366, 576

p Zeller, Eduard (1814-1908)— German philosopher, specialist in the history of Greek and German philosophy.—577, 581

p Zeno of Elea (490-430 B.C.)—Greek philosopher.—75

p Zhitlovsky, Khaim losifovich (N.G.) (1865-1943)—a leading figure in the Jewish nationalistic movement in Russia, one of the theoreticians of the Socialist Revolutionary Party.—75, 77, 80

p Zhukovsky, Nikolai Ivanovich (1833- 1895)—Russian anarchist revolutionary.—76

p Ziber. Nikolai Ivanovich (1844- 1888)—Russian economist and publicist; one of the first popularisers and promoters of Marx’s economic works.—576

p Ziegler, Theobald (1846-1918)— German neo-Kantian philosopher and writer on pedagogy.— 618

687

p SUBJECT INDEX

p Absolute Idea—43, 79, 101, 123, 125, 131, 134. 138-39, 163, 580, 592-93, 603, 605-06, 607, 611, 612-13

p Abstraction—131, 260-62, 267

p Aesthetics—480, 493, 502, 565, 610-12, 637

p Africa—143-45

p Agnosticism—73, 113, 210, 233, 377, 382-83

p See also Empiriomonism; Humism; Kantian philosophy; Machism; Neo-Kantian philosophy; Positivism

p Agrarian question in Russia— 177-79

p Analogy—317-19, 322, 417-18

p Anarchism—292, 410-12, 504, 509, 535, 549-50, 641 ’See also Bakuninism; Proudhonism

p Ancient philosophy—75, 77, 80, 82, 102, 117. 148, 163-65, 175- 76, 207. 217-18, 221. 294-95, 298, 426-28, 440, 451-52, 467- 68, 475, 577, 579, 581-84, 595, 608-10, 623

p Animism—57, 132, 141, 254, 289, 302, 310-21, 330. 337, 342-45, 347-48, 354, 367, 373, 383, 404-05, 417, 427, 444, 579-83, 591, 595 see also Primitive religion

p Anthropologism—350-51 See also Feuerbachian philosophy—anthropologism

p Anthropomorphism and zoomorphism—150, 327-28, 330-33, 335, 444

p Antinomy—237-38, 329, 430, 450, 622, 630

p Architecture—596 Art—157, 168-69, 422, 564-65, 606

p —and reality—167, 611

p —content and form—610-11, 643

p —criticism of reactionary theory of art for art’s sake—394, 398-99, 565-66, 610-13

p —from an idealist standpoint— 610-13

p See also Architecture; Literature; Music; Painting; Primitive art Art for art’s sake

p See Art—criticism of reactionary theory of art for art’s sake Atom, atomistics—599 Atheism—306, 309, 324, 342, 344 See also Feuerbachian philosophy—criticism of idealism and religion; French materialism, 18th cent.—atheism; Religion and proletariat

p Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna (1849- 1919)—prominent figure in the

p B

p Bakuninism—186, 504, 571

p Balkan states—88

p Basis and superstructure—57, 142, 148, 153-55, 157, 163, 167, 331-36 See also Economics, Ideology, Social being and social consciousness

p Beautiful in life and art—565, 611- 13

p Being-241, 243, 259, 269, 274- 76, 317, 322, 403, 427, 430-31, 435-36, 439-40

and consciousness—69-70, 72-73, 110, 112-13, 124-31, 133-35, 139-40, 149, 152-54, 168, 170,

688 175-77, 180, 223-24, 232, 243, 269, 295, 419, 425, 429, 453, 460-65, 476, 479-80. 523, 577- 78, 586, 589, 591-92, 597, 606, 626-30, 631-32 See also Social being and social consciousness Belinsky—504

p —aesthetic views—565

p —and dialectics—378

p —and Hegelian philosophy— 48, 141, 610, 616

p Belles-lettres see Literature Berkeleian philosophy—66, 213-14,

p 222, 229, 236, 241, 244-46, 586-

p 87, 589, 591, 595 Bernsteinianism

p —negation (denial) of the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat-182, 202

p —revision of dialectical and historical materialism—31-37, 45, 55, 71, 73-74, 75-77, 104, 156-57, 201

p Blanquism—531-33, 559-61 Bourgeoisie

p —as a class—155-56, 166, 170, 300, 457, 483, 502-03, 505, 513, 519-21, 552, 554-56, 588

p —in feudal times—155-56

p —in Russia—282

p —in the period of bourgeois revolutions—50, 203, 387, 525- 26, 531, 558

p —ruling—47, 80, 173, 186, 187, 196, 206-09, 244, 387, 391-96, 420-21, 476, 480

p See also Petty bourgeoisie; Proletariat—and bourgeoisie Buddhism—320, 342-45

p Christianity—58, 323, 332, 372-73,

p 380 Chernyshevsky

p —aesthetic theory—565

p —and socialism—247-48, 515, 551

p —and Feuerbachian philosophy—247-48, 600, 638-39, 641

p —dialectics—90, 603

p —ethical views—636

p —philosophic views—131

p —views of history—90 Class—44, 46-48, 49, 53, 82, 88, 91,

p 95, 144, 159-63, 169-71, 173-74, 180, 182-83, 185-87, 201, 202, 208, 286, 299, 302, 305, 338, 393-95, 419, 421-23, 476, 479-80, 483, 492, 497-98, 501, 502-03, 505-06, 511-12, 514, 516, 519-21, 524-25, 533, 536-38, 545-46, 554- 56, 557-60, 561, 563, 572-74, 583-86, 589-90, 626, 635

p Classicism—162

p Classical German idealism—41-45, 102, 119, 132-34, 176, 237, 241, 278, 382-83, 405, 409, 598, 626- 29, 630, 638-39

p See also Hegelian philosophy; Kantian philosophy ’

p Class struggle—40, 82, 88-89, 159, 161-63, 164, 171-74, 181, 207, 393-95, 410, 412, 497, 500, 502, 506, 509-11, 521, 524, 525-27, 531, 532, 537, 546-48, 556-57, 558, 561, 568, 585

p Clergy—147

p Communism—69, 85-86, 124, 179, 204, 492, 501, 502, 515, 518

p —Utopian—510, 545, 547-49, 552, 553, 560, 569-70

p See also Primitive society— commune Concept, notion—34-36, 48, 79, 83,

p 107, 109, 130, 155, 218, 225,

p 229, 241, 300, 443-44, 449, 472,

p 479, 590, 598 Consciousness—40-41, 47, 72-73,

p 101, 103, 123, 214, 223-26,

p 230-32, 239-40, 296-97, 580, 591-

p 93, 601

p See also Being and consciousness. Social being and social consciousness

p Content and form—106, 224, 610-11 Contradiction—74-79, 82, 114, 125-

26, 133-34, 543, 602

689 —antagonistic—299, 502, 513,

514, 517, 520, 588 Criticism and publicism—86, 88, . 173, 534-35, 537, 540, 606, 610,

643

p Cult—see Religion—cult Culture—87, 166, 420-21, 465,

p 483-85, 574, 579, 583, 606, 621

p Dictatorship of the proletariat— 86-87

p Dogmatism—90, 297, 309, 416, 467, 592, 638

p Drama—60, 169, 208, 267-68, 568, 582

p Dualism—70, 126-27, 175-76. 178- 81, 213, 231-32, 249, 278, 313- 18, 404, 432, 433, 439, 441-42, 449, 578, 590, 595, 626

p D

p Darwinism—31, 80-141 Decadence

p —in Russia—394, 397-98, 400- 13

p —in the \Vest-394-95, 398-401 Deism—325, 341, 365, 588 Democracy—83, 89, 519, 546 Development—40, 54, 69, 139-44,

p 146-47, 149, 153-56, 160-63, 164, 168-69, 171-72, 180-82, 186, 208, 230-31, 255-56, 261, 263, 273, 280, 295-96, 297, 302, 420-22, 426-27, 430, 452, 475, 478, 485, 503, 510, 515, 518-19, 523, 525, 527-29, 539, 562, 572, 574, 576-80, 584, 597, 600, 601-05, 607, 610, 613, 614, 622, 623-24, 631, 633

p Dialectical materialism—77, 94, 96, 103-04, 113, 189, 200, 203, 285, 375, 377, 456

p —and metaphysical materialism—79, 96

p —as a revolution in philosophy—102, 117

p Dialectics—55, 73-83, 86, 90, 100- 07, 111-13, 114, 118-19, 137-40, 141, 164, 185-86, 200, 249, 296, 298, 599, 601-03, 607-08, 614-15, 633, 637, 641

p —and metaphysics—77, 78-79, 81, 82-83, 90, 378

p —negation of negation—76, 452

p —struggle and unity of opposites—73-82, 114-15, 133

p —transition of quantitative changes into qualitative—36, 76-77, 139-41, 153, 175, 182, 436-37, 469, 472, 602

p See also Contradictions; Development, Law-governed processes, Laws of Nature and society; Movement; Necessity and chance

p Economic relations see Production relations Economics—43-47, 52, 53-54, 88-

p 89, 145-46, 157-58, 160, 162-63

p —and politics—149, 155-57, 504 See also Politics

p Economy see Production relations Effect see Cause and effect Empiriomonism—222, 248, 269,

p 274, 315, 321, 412 Empiric-criticism—66, 197, 209,

p 250, 264, 272-74 English philosophy of the 17th-

p 18th cent.—585-87

p —idealism—586, 587, 590-92

p —materialism—83, 102-03. 107- 08, 129, 204, 207, 223-24, 383, 534, 586, 598

p See also Berkeleian philosophy;

p Humism England (Britain)—47, 70, 146,

p 148, 187, 203, 206, 534-37,

p 539-40, 541, 547-48, 550-51, 556,

p 566, 575, 584, 586 Enlighteners—38-40, 41-43, 46,

p 49-50, 493-96, 498, 527-28, 530,

p 533, 534, 557, 560-61, 566, 568,

p 588, 609, 620-24, 632 Equality—498, 552-53, 561, 572 Essence—106, 126 Estate—44-49, 155, 171-72, 204,

p 494, 510, 512, 523, 552, 554, 588 Ethics—600, 610, 632 Evolution—325, 336, 403

p —and revolution—46 Experience—31-33, 39, 58, 59,

p 78, 150, 172, 204, 218-20, 251-52, 254-57, 258-59, 261, 263, 265-66, 269-70, 272-73, 280-81, 285-86, 289, 493

p Exploitation—38, 53, 89-90, 144, 513, 518, 538, 545, 550, 554, 562, 575, 589

p Capitalism—32-33, 51, 53, 84-89, 117, 138, 176, 182, 208, 422, 572-73

p —contradictions—32-33, 45-47, 174, 554-55, 558, 564

p —history—186-87, 535-37, 566- 67

p Cartesianism—69, 123, 171, 444,

p 591, 594 Cause and effect—40, 41-42, 47, 73,

p 127, 166, 175, 180, 218, 235,

p 255, 321, 525, 579 Chance see Necessity and chance

690

p Fatalism—181

p Feudalism—153-54, 161, 501. 503,

p 511, 517-18 Feuerbachian philosophy—101-03,

p 119-41, 566, 600, 628-43

p —anthropologism—119-20, 123- 24. 127, 133-34. 136, 351, 630-31

p —criticism of idealism and religion—43, 60-61, 102, 119, 125, 131-33, 137-38, 151, 214, 350-54, 408, 594. 626, 629-34

p —idealism in history—135, 640

p —materialism—71-72. 106, 108, 110-111, 113, 120, 124-28, 134-35, 138-39, 176, 271-72, 408, 440, 465, 594, 628, 631-32

p —object and subject—74, 125- 30, 133-35, 141, 231-32, 472, 629-31. 640

p “Force theory"—54, 146, 563

p Form see Content and form

p France—37, 47, 70, 160-61, 171-72, 206-07, 498, 500, 502. 508, 509, 515, 518, 522-27, 532, 534- 36. 551-52, 555-56, 558, 560, 566, 569, 575, 600

p Freedom and necessity—41-42, 44- 45, 48, 52, 159, 175-81, 375-77, 381-83, 393-94, 600, 621

p French drama of the 17th-18th centuries—57

p French Enlighteners see Enlighteners

p French historians of the Restoration period—136, 165-66

p —theory of classes—531, 559 French materialism, 18th century—

p 69-70, 107-08, 124, 127, 129, 132, 171, 200, 209, 493, 560, 593-94

p —atheism—291, 588, 632

p —class essence—49, 94, 102, 202-05, 552

p —ethics—346, 387, 637

p —metaphysical nature of views—96, 102-03

p —philosophy of history—38-39, 70, 94, 135, 481-82, 545, 623

p —theory of knowledge—201, 214-17’, 440

p —views of Nature—70-72, 94, 110, 113, 140, 177

p French painting—161, 168-69 French Utopian socialism—32, 34-

p 36, 124, 492-533, 551-66

p —economic views—505, 512- 23, 551-55, 559-60, 570

p —philosophy of history—36-43 151, 509-il. 527-31. 533

p —political views—495, 509, 524-26, 531-33, 556-61

p —subjective method—494-95, 515-16, 521, 570

p G

p Geographical environment—142-

p 45. 147-48 Germany—100, 108. 174, 419. 466,

p 478, 551, 567-68, 569-71,’ 582,

p 590, 600, 615, 617-18, 639, 642 Gnosiology (epistemology) see Theory of Knowledge God-building

p —and Russian Social- Democracy—195. 211, 245, 256-57, 342, 345-80, 414-15

p God-seeking—306-09, 341-42, 364, 379-413

p Greek philosophy see Ancient philosophy

p H

p Hegelian philosophy—375

p —aesthetics—606, 610, 613

p —and Hegelianism—72. Ill, 119. 603-H4. 616-26, 628-29, 632-33, 634

p —method—77-79, 82-83, 101, 105-07, 109, 111, 114. 119, 136-37, 176-77, 224-25. 378, 452, 470, 599, 601, 606, 608, 613-15, 617-18, 632-33

p —philosophy of history—41-43, 128, 136-37, 141-43, 162, 168, 177, 421, 605-08, 609, 614, 623

p —system—43, 109, 123, 125, 131, 134-35, 230-31, 466, 580, 593, 601, 602-03, 604-05, 606- 07, 609-16, 628-29, 634, 637

p See also Belinsky—and Hegelian philosophy Herzen

p —and dialectics—378, 616

p —and socialism—388-89, 396, 569

p Hieroglyphics—225-28

Historical materialism—44-46, 55, 57, 66-69, 94, 103-05, 125, 128, 137, 142, 149. 151, 153-54, 158-

691 59, 162-67. 170-75, 178, 180, 182, 184, 187, 264, 284-85, 286, 293, 295, 334-35, 341. 419, 481-83, 510. 582, 597 —revolution in the views of society—44-47, 117-18, 135-36, 533, 607. 623-24, 639-41 See also Basis and superstructure; Class struggle; Freedom and necessity; Ideology; Production relations; Productive forces; Social being and social consciousness

p History of society—39-40, 43-44,

p 81-82. 130, 139-42, 157-58, 168,

p 176, 178, 180, 207. 249, 480,

p 481-82, 483-86, 550-55, 606-07

p History of philosophy (science)—

p 163-65. 217. 225, 269, 298, 300,

p 451, 573. 584, 589, 594. 601,

p 604-28

p History of antiquity—88-89, 144,

p 153-54, 475. 477, 621 Humism—66. 130, 210, 447, 590 Hylozoism—72-73. 117, 141

p Identity—594, 630

p Ideology—57, 136, 151, 157, 159, 163, 173, 175, 187, 203-04, 257. 386-87. 476, 479, 490-91, 589. 606, 617, 633

p —specific laws of its development—159-66, 168-72

See also Aesthetics; Art; Basis and superstructure; Ethics; Ideas—social: Laws—legal relations; Literature; Morality; Painting; Philosophy; Religion; Science; Social being and social consciousness Immortality—58, 317, 337-39, 402-

08

p India-146 Individual and his role in history—

p 160. 170-71, 209, 569 Individualism—363-64. 386-87,

p 395, 405-11, 422-23 Intelligentsia

p —bourgeois and petty-bourgeois in Russia—196-97, 306-09, 363-64, 380-84, 387-413

p —bourgeois and petty-bourgeois in the West—170, 385-87, 393- 94, 395, 398-401, 532-33

p —democratic in Russia—306- 09, 362-64. 387, 394, 402-03, 409-12

p Interaction, criticism of the theory of “factors”—155-56, 159-62, 168 See also Basis and superstructure; Historical materialism

p Interest

p —class—09, 89-90, 479, 500-01, 589

p —of the proletariat—49, 88-90, 393-95, 409, 502-03, 513, 514, 517, 519-20. 521, 524, 537-38, 546, 555, 559-60

p International, the

p —First—184

p Internationalism—84-85, 90 Intuition—294-98

p Italy—508

p K

p Kantian philosophy—60-62, 66, 82. 86, 109, 118, 125, 130, 138, 175-77, 180-81, 185, 197, 210, 212-13, 226-27. 231, 234-35, 238, 245, 269, 276, 302-05, 349, 415. 429, 470, 474, 483, 578- 79, 587-88, 590, 595-96, 597, 609, 611, 626

p I

p Ideas - origin—196, 569, 589

p —role in social development— 42-43. 45-46, 156, 205. 527, 543

p —social—79

p Ideas (philos.)—79, 108-09, 110, 142, 217 See also Absolute idea

p Idealism—42-44, 69-70, 102, 104, . 106-09, 112, 114, 125-26, 132, 134, 168, 176, 194, 198-99, 207, 209, 211. 213-14, 218, 220-22, 228, 230-31. 232, 237, 241, 243- 44, 257. 262-63, 433-34, 437, 439, 440-41. 442-43, 453. 457, 459-61. 463-67, 471-73, 474, 478, 578-83, 585, 590-94, 597-99, 603, 606-07, 615-16, 626-27, 628-32, 636, 641

p —historical—39-44. 159, 168, 170. 173-74, 419, 463, 482, 527-28, 533, 550, 572, 606- 07, 622-24, 641

p See also Berkeleian philosophy; Classical German idealism; Hegelian philosophy; Kantian philosophy; Machism; NeoKantian philosophy; Spiritualism; Subjective idealism

692

p See also Neo-Kanlianism Knowledge see Theory of knowledge

p L

p Language—174

p Lassalleanism—568, 609

p Law-governed processes, natural and social laws—41, 42. 44-46, 47-48, 52, 73-76, 78-79, 86, 125, 127, 160, 163-64, 218, 225, 235, 320-21, 341, 357-59, 383, 416, 440-41, 475, 483, 510, 527, 536, 549, 569, 581, 586, 597. 609-10, 621-23, 631, 641

p Law, legislation—38-39, 541-43 See also Law, legal relations

p Law, legal relations—48, 85, 106, 136, 145, 148, 157, 422-23, 477- 78, 585, 637

p Leaps see Dialectics—transition of quantitative changes into qualitative

p Liberalism—568

p —in Russia—93, 119, 138, 177, 334

p Liberal Narodniks—

p —struggle against Marxism— 83, 167

p Literature—422. 534

p —French—393-95, 398-401, 529- 30, 565-66

p —German—56, 391

p —Russian—141, 196, 367, 373- 74, 378-79, 398, 400-01, 405- 08, 455

p See also Criticism and publicism; Drama, Poetry Logic—43, 55, 73-80, 139-40, 179, 180, 224, 236, 240, 243, 248, 256, 265-66, 269-70, 276, 294, 296, 302, 430, 442, 450, 454, 461, 474, 478, 592

p M

p Machism—64, 66, 133, 185, 189, 196-98, 202-03, 209-10, 212, 214, 219, 229, 231-32, 235-48, 257-58, 260, 264-66, 269-70, 274, 278, 280, 294, 357, 384, 424, 428, 442, 457, 632

p Malthusianism—523, 536

p Manchester—186

p Marriage and family—160

p Marxism—36, 56-57, 64-65, 66-70, 101-02, 105-06, 114-15, 117-19, 124-25, 155, 167, 184-87, 189,

p 194, 204, 235, 246, 257, 282, 301, 457, 502

p See also Dialectics; Dialectical materialism; Historical materialism; Political economy— Marxist; Scientific socialism Materialism—79, 98, 102-12, 115, 117-18, 123, 124-34, 149, 159, 165, 168, 170, 173-75, 184, 187, 189, 200-02, 203-11, 213-18, 221, 223, 231-32, 238, 243-44. 249, 269, 271, 285-87, 301, 357-58, 382-90, 396-403, 408, 418, 437, 439-43, 585-95, 598-99, 629, 630- 32, 635-42

p See also Being, Consciousness; Dialectical materialism; English philosophy—materialism; French materialism, 18th cent.; Naturphilosophische materialismus; Theory of knowledge; Vulgar materialism;

p Matter (philos.)—70, 74-75, 113, 123-26, 134, 139, 140. 212-13, 217-18, 220-22, 230, 232, 235, 241-42, 263, 279, 298, 383, 441, 444-45, 449, 469, 587, 590-91, 593-94, 596, 598-99, 630-31 Means of production—32, 87, 144,

p 176, 178. 492, 514 Mentality (psyche)—66, 70, 72-73, 130, 148, 153, 156, 160, 168, 265, 278-81, 296, 383, 445, 449, 593, 596, 606

p Metaphysics (method)—81, 240 See also Dialectics and metaphysics; Reason and mind Method (general meaning)—137,

p 172, 601 Militarism and struggle against it—

p 84, 91-92

Mode of production—33, 44. 45, 47-48, 85-86, 106, 144, 153-54, 167, 182, 295 Monarchy—207, 571 Monism—104, 106-07, 111-12, 120, 130, 156, 168, 180, 210, 231-32, 244, 274, 278, 280, 323, 432, 433, 626-27, 629, 630, 632 Morality, ethics—59, 69, 87, 95-96, 98-99, 135, 150, 208-09, 290-92, 329-30, 385-87, 394, 416, 515, 522, 527, 529, 562-63, 583, 602- 10, 635-37, 642-43 See also Religion and morality Movement—41-42, 72, 74-83, 141,

693 145, 230, 441-42, 593, 601,

p 605, 608, 615-16, 623, 641 Music—168-69, 613, 642

p See also Primitive art—music Mysticism—47, 79, 108, 196, 298,

p 379, 396, 412-13, 415-16, 608,

p 620, 642 Mythology-150, 288-90, 310-12,

p 318, 322-25, 328, 417, 617-20

p N

p Narodism (general characteristics)—523, 567-68, 571

p Narodnik (Populist) men of letters—194-95

p Nation-54, 86-88, 419, 525, 574

p Nature—58-60, 75, 78, 103, 104, 125, 127, 134, 138, 148, 177, 210-11, 249-302, 317-22, 325, 331, 335, 341, 347, 356-57, 360, 383, 407-08, 416, 417, 429, 443, 475, 484, 565, 577-81, 586, 591, 595, 596-97, 599, 601-02, 626-28, 631-34, 640, 643

p Naturphilosophische materialismus —72-73, 130, 133

p Necessity and chance—37-39, 40, 45-47, 53, 138, 158-59, 165-66, 609, 612 See also Freedom and necessity

p Neo-Kantiauism—60, 64, 115, 118, 120, 175-81. 185, 187, 197, 201, 208, 210, 212-13, 218-19, 223, 234-35, 415, 419-23, 463, 481-83, 484-86, 589-90, 593

p Nietzscheism—170, 359, 384, 386, 401, 422-23

Nobility and aristocracy—89, 155, 171, 476, 479, 510, 512, 525, 531, 552, 588

O

p Object and subject—113, 127-30, 133, 135, 141, 181, 218-24, 230- 32, 237-39, 269, 278, 427. 434, 436-39, 447, 460-61, 468-75, 478- 79, 577-81, 592-93, 595-97, 626- 30, 640-41

p P

p Painting

p —West European—613 See also French painting

p —primitive—see Primitive art—painting

p Pantheism—126, 444, 628

p Partisanship in science, literature, art—50-51, 420-21 Patriotism—84-85, 87-89 Peasantry

p —in Russia—178

—in Western Europe—588-89 People and their role in history—

422

p Petty bourgeoisie—505, 519

p Phenomenon—32-33, 41, 47, 48-49, 70-71, 72, 74, 79-81, 90, 106, 212, 218, 267, 435-36

p Philistinism as an ideology of the bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie during the decadent period—390-97, 404, 409-12

p Philosophy-64-65, 113, 115, 124, 137-38, 150, 159, 162-64, 175, 181, 184-85, 193, 202-03, 244, 299-302, 305, 419-22, 455-58, 601

p —its basic question—70-72, 211, 237, 428, 433-34, 577-78, 593

p —subject of philosophy—577, 581

p Physiocrats—53, 552

p Play and labour—152

p Poetry—161, 565, 613, 642-43

p —Russian—195 Political economy—51, 94

p —classical, bourgeois—513-14, 549-51, 572, 574

p —Marxist—44, 46-48, 49, 51, 53, 85, 117-18, 143-44, 175, 184-87, 208, 550-51, 576

p —vulgar—86-87, 160, 175, 572- 76, 604-05

p Politics—86, 135, 148, 155, 412, 421, 497, 500. 502, 505-09, 520, 524-25, 532-33, 551-52, 556- 58, 609, 638 See also Economics and politics

p Population—160, 536

p Positivism—386-87, 577-78

p Possibility and reality—342

p Practice—128, 135, 141

p See also Theory—and practice

p Prevision—32-33. 48-50, 186

p Primitive art—151-53

p —aesthetics—160, 318

p —dances—152, 160, 169, 371

p —music—152

p —ornamentation—151, 160

p —painting—152, 319

p —poetry, drama, epics—152- 53

694

p Primitive communal system—142- 47, 154, 314-15, 317-19, 328, 333-36

p —commune—57, 314-15

p —economic—179, 289, 302, 317- 18, 322, 324, 328, 331-36

p —notions of primitive man— 57-58, 149-52, 160, 169, 288- 90, 310-12, 314-16, 337, 341, 417, 579-81

p Primitive communism see Primitive communal system

p Primitive religion—94-96, 289, 317, 322-25, 338, 368, 385 See also Animism

p Production—44, 142, 144, 149, 158, 179, 181, 257, 296, 301, 313, 319, 510, 566, 573-75

p Production relations—43-46, 50, 52, 53, 82, 136, 142, 144, 148, 153-55, 157-58, 164, 167, 175, 179, 257, 292, 295, 313, 317-18, 323, 331-35, 514-15, 522, 535

p Productive forces—47, 55, 95, 136, 142, 143, 145-46, 148, 149, 153- 54, 158, 167, 179, 187, 290, 316-17, 325, 328, 331, 333-35, 482, 518, 529, 536, 540, 553-54, 573-74, 580

p Progress—494, 516-17, 553, 561

p Proletariat

p —and bourgeoisie—53, 156, 391-96, 502, 520-21

p —as a class—95, 381, 410

p —historic role—46-47, 50, 53, 65, 178, 371, 376, 391, 393-94, 410

p —in Russia—85, 364

p —its position in bourgeois society—84-92, 185-87, 421, 422, 513-14, 536-38, 541-43, 550

p Property (ownership)—81-82, 176,

p 178, 492, 510, 514, -519, 522,

p 527, 538, 552 Property (quality)—76, 80, 108,

p 127, 140, 218, 229-31, 234,

p 305, 437-38, 468-71 Proudhonism—81, 138, 186, 351,

p 366, 504-05, 508-09, 512, 525,

p 554-56, 575 Psychology—73, 89, 129-31, 138,

p 160-61, 168-70, 178, 208, 590, 610

R

695 206, 510, 532, 535-36, 552, 557,

p 507, 638

p —general theory—32, 44, 45-48, 88-89, 153-54, 295, 505-06,

p 508, 557, 570, 624

p —Russian bourgeois democratic revolution of 1905—397-98,

p 400-01, 409-10, 412

p —socialist—34, 88-92, 394, 401 Revolutionary democrats in Russia—402

p Revolutionary Narodniks—567-68

p Social relations—43-44, 58-59. 95, 136, 142, 144-46, 148, 162-71, 176, 206, 291, 319, 339-40, 377, 476, 494, 524, 527, 528, 533, 590. 623

p Social-Democracy—53, 62-63, 84. 479. 482-83, 560

p —Russian—62-64, 188-89, 348- 79, 397, 401, 456-57

p —West-European—93-94. 104, 111, 123, 205, 287

p Socialism—32, 46, 50, 84, 175, 182,

p 391-97, 409-12, 604 Socialism, scientific (theory)—

p 34-36, 41, 45-53, 56-63, 69 -70.

p 80-81, 90, 93, 96, 101, 105, 116,

p 118, 124, 175, 182, 199, 204.

p 211, 248. 359, 409, 492, 604. 617 Socialism (utopian)—32-33, 36-43,

p 45-46, 53, 69, 81, 365-66, 534-76

p —English—34-36, 38-40, 124. 523, 534-51, 553-54, 556. 569, 572, 576

p —French—see French Utopian socialism

p —German—565-76

p —Russian—247-48

p Social utopianism—182-83, 526- 29, 533, 567-69, 604, 614

p Society—142, 146, 153-54, 158, 174

p Socio-economic systems—153. 167- 68, 170, 313-14, 317-19, 335-36 See also Capitalism; Feudalism; Primitive society

p Sociology, sociological views—48- 51, 103, 179-81, 302, 464, 486, 640

p —in the West—172, 296

p See also Historical materialism;

p Subjective method in sociology

p Solipsism—66-69, 208, 236, 237-

p 38. 240-41, 246, 264, 267, 269,

p 435-36, 452, 461, 464-65, 592 Sophistry—52-53, 87, 88, 202, 231,

p 235, 294, 298, 516 Spinozism—70-72, 113,126-27, 129,

p 178, 232, 298, 405, 443-44.

p 590, 594-96, 629, 630-32, 638 Spiritualism—57, 64, 123-24, 311,

p 320, 579, 580, 638 State—54, 144, 155, 336-37, 541-

p 42, 575, 605, 607, 609 Subject sec Object and subject Subjective idealism—66, 209, 213-

p 14, 217, 229-30, 236, 241, 246-

p 47, 432, 451, 467, 480, 592

p See also Berkeleian philosophy;

p Races and racial theories—147-48

p Rationalism—94

p Reason and mind—36, 39, 42-44,

p 114, 123, 125, 131, 540, 581. 597,

p 624, 633 Reformism—181-82, 519, 525, 547,

p 556-57, 575

p Relativism—431, 451-53, 587-88 Religion—94-95

p —and morality—58-62. 95, 96, 98-99, 289-91, 328-31, 337-42, 348, 385, 583

p —and proletariat—56-63, 95- 96, 206-07, 291-92, 348-53,

p 365, 368, 371, 374, 378-87

p —and science—58-60, 61. 98- 99, 148, 285-86, 297, 348, 362- 63, 405, 416-17, 487-90, 617- 21, 628

p —cult—57, 58, 310, 312. 340-41

p —definition and essence—57-62, 94-96, 98, 151, 159, 282, 284, 285-86, 310, 339-40, 342-43, 345- 56, 362, 365, 372, 378, 387,

p 403, 408, 417-18, 543. 544, 579, 583-84, 625, 632-34, 642

p —evolution of—58, 60. 61, 62, 94-96, 98-99, 289-90, 325, 328- 41, 384-85, 390, 414-18. 579-80

p —role in social development— 290-91

p See also Christianity; Primitive religion

p Representation—70, 163, 214, 219, 220, 223-24, 302, 317-18, 408, 425, 430, 433-38, 441-43, 453-54, 461, 463, 524, 580, 583, 591, 613

p Revisionism and struggle against it—

p —class content—64-65, 66, 173, 177. 282

p —philosophical—84-85, 103-04, 118-19, 158, 182, 188-236, 247- 83, 300-01, 334

p See also Bernsteinianism Revolution

p —bourgeois revolutions of the 19th century—502, 506, 525, 558, 567

p —English revolution of the 17th century—47

p - evolution of-58-60, 61-62, 94-96

p —French revolution of the 18th century-47, 49-50, 89, 162,

p 566. 571-7

p Romanticism-

p ——i, -^-j-^ _ . _ ._

p —in the \Vest-168-70, 274, 394-95, 565, 627

p Russia

p —economic development—571

p —historical development—146, 306-09, 363-64, 366

p Russian materialism of the 19th century—225-27

p Scepticism—130, 459-80

p See also Hum ism Scholasticism—70, 254, 437, 488 Science—31-32, 66, 80, 98-99, 151

p —natural sciences—32, 33-35, 69, 71, 75, 118, 131, 140-41, 154, 179, 209-10. 220, 226, 242-43. 244-45, 255, 260-61, 263, 279. 295, 320-21, 383, 415-17. 455, 464-65, 481, 483- 85, 590-91, 592, 600, 602, 640-41

p —social sciences—31-37, 39-42, 43-46, 48-49. 52-53, 81-82, 135,

p 148-49, 151. 154. 159, 162, 166, 173, 174, 175, 180, 310, 464-65, 481-82, 484-85, 496, 600, 603, 606, 640 See also Religion—and science Scientific socialism see Socialism—scientific

p Senses—(perception, sensation)— 66, 72, 127-28, 212-14, 217-18, 220-22, 226, 230-32, 233-34, 235- 46, 260, 265-66, 268, 270, 277, 317, 425-32, 436-42, 449, 467-72, 493, 591, 593-94, 596, 630, 632 Sensualism—126, 171 Social being and social consciousness—45, 57, 92, 148-49. 154, 244, 284, 293, 322, 329, 333- 36, 340-42, 377, 386, 457, 525, 528-29, 548, 606, 619, 633

p Quality anq quantity—see Dialectics—transition of quantitative changes into qualitative

696

p Empiric-criticism; Empiriomonism; Machism; Nee- Kantianism; Solipsism

p Subjective method in sociology— 321, 375

p Substance—71-72, 75, 107-08, 126- 27, 131, 267, 299, 426-28, 431, 434-36. 442-44, 447, 449, 593, 611, 614, 621-23, 629, 631

p Symbolism—400

p Syndicalism—182, 186, 195, 292, 298, 486, 504

p Thinking—43, 72-74. 76-77, 80, 107-08, 110-11, 123, 129, 234, 316, 322, 383, 386, 440-43, 445, 448. 639

p Time and space—127-28, 223-24, 230, 258-63, 464, 613, 631

p Tolstoyanism—565

p —and autocracy—501

p —and proletariat—501

p —religious-ethical theory— 345-48

p Totemism—326-35, 337, 418

p Transformism—80-81

p Tribe—142-48, 149-51, 152, 160,

p 579, 580 True socialists in Germany—366-

p 67, 378, 566, 641 Truth—40, 247, 457-58, 459-61,

p 473-75, 544, 590, 595, 607, 612

p —absolute—37, 44, 138, 439, 528, 615

p —concrete—480. 604

p —dual—286, 488-90

p —objective—51. 112, 438, 475, 477-80

p —relative—51, 106

p U

p United States of America—181, 543

p V

p Vekhi people—306, 309, 413 Vulgar materialism—442, 594-95, 639-42

p W

p Wars—54-55, 84, 87-91, 145-47,

p 295, 604 Workers’ movement—47-48, 85,

p 88-92, 422

p —in Russia—309

p —in the West—85, 186-87, 537-38, 546-48

p Working class see Proletariat

p Technics and technology—58, 151, 160, 162, 258, 289,’ 317, 322- 23, 325. 328, 359-60, 418, 553-54, 580

p Teleology—178, 180

p Theology—71-72, 125-27, 129, 150, 171, 178, 206, 350-51, 590, 595, 618, 625. 629-31, 635

p Theory—57, 173, 377, 420

p —and practice—40. 159, 223 Theory of knowledge—101, 128-

p 29, 149-50, 172, 200, 221, 285-86, 296, 473-74, 577, 596-97. 639

p —cognisability (know-ability) of the world—59, 218-19, 221- 22, 230-31, 234-36, 238-39, 269, 298, 357-58, 382-83. 415-16, 436-40, 469-70, 595-98

p —criticism of anti-Marxist idealist theories—40, 101-02 189-93. 199-201, 211-83. 294- 98, 424-54, 459-65, 477-80

p —dialectics of knowledge—77- 79, 601-02

p See also Abstraction, Essence, Experience; . Hieroglyphics; Object and subject; Phenomenon; Practice; Rationalism; Senses (perception); Sensualism; Thing-in-itself; Thinking; Truth; Thing-in-itself—212-13, 218-20,

p 224, 227, 229-31, 233-37, 241,

267, 269, 274, 436, 439-41, 474,

596

Young Hegelians—492, 616-25, 628, 633, 635, 638