p The hopes that the rulers of the capitalist world pin on psychological warfare may be seen from the colossal scale of the anti-communist, anti-Soviet propaganda that has been unfolded by imperialism, from the fact that the struggle against communism has been elevated to the rank of state policy involving state agencies and statesmen, a large army of professional propagandists and special institutions, to say nothing of the many “public” organisations occupying the most bellicose anti-communist positions and maintained on funds provided by the monopolies.

p The best scientists, many universities and research centres and the latest means developed by science are used in order to find vulnerable spots in the socialist community and evolve the ways and means of undermining and destroying the ideological, economic and moral foundations of the socialist system. Everything is directed toward evolving new orientations of anti-communist and anti-Soviet propaganda and providing it with new arguments.

p The main centres of anti-communism are in the USA, the FRG and Britain. There are centres in France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Denmark, Austria, Sweden, Canada, Australia, Spain, Portugal, Israel, Latin American countries and in the framework of the aggressive NATO bloc.

p The largest mass media—major news agencies, radio and TV stations, film companies, newspapers and magazines— belong to monopoly capital, thus giving it the decisive influence on the aims and orientation of propaganda.

p One of the major anti-communist centres of the USA, the Free Europe Committee, is financed by the monopolies. Its annual budget amounts to about 15 million dollars. It runs Radio Free Europe, publishes several anti-communist journals, including Ost-europdische Rundschau, and works fighting methods for the eradication of socialism in East 136 Europcan countries. This committee organised the launching of balloons with anti-communist leaflets in the direction of socialist countries and issued directives to the counter- revolutionaries during the counter-revolutionary rising in Hungary in 1956 and the events of 1968 in Czechoslovakia. The US monopolies also finance the anti-communist Radio Liberty Committee, which operates Radio Liberty. The latter’s staff consists of rabid enemies of communism, traitors and defectors.

p Giant US monopolies provide most of the funds for the upkeep of Stanford University’s Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, the notorious “brain trust” for anticommunism’s political strategy that was set up in 1919. This institute, which is one of the chief centres of anti-communist and anti-Soviet propaganda, prepares anti-Soviet and anticommunist books, pamphlets, articles, lectures and radio and television broadcasts.

p In its work on anti-communist and anti-Soviet publications the institute enlists the services of prominent Sovietologists from other American universities and from foreign countries, such as Zbigniew Brzezinski, director of the Institute on Communist Affairs at Columbia University. Nearly 60 per cent of the institute’s budget is made up of donations by the monopolies. For instance, Mellon and Sons donated half a million dollars to it in 1967.

p Lately, the institute has expanded its publishing activity. Since 1967 it has been publishing a yearbook on the international communist movement. It sponsors international conferences and symposiums on the political strategy of anticommunism and on the ways and means of combating communism.

p Monopoly capital has played the principal role also in setting up other anti-communist “brain trusts” in the USA and in the training of experts on various aspects of anticommunism. Through a system of foundations the major monopolies control the ideological orientation of research and the ideological training of experts.

p In 1946 the Rockefeller Foundation helped Columbia University to set up its Russian Institute and later its Research Institute on Communist Affairs. The Russian Research Centre at Harvard University was founded in 1948 on Carnegie money through the Carnegie Foundation. The Research Institute on Communist Strategy and Propaganda was founded at the University of Southern California. Similar centres have been set up at other leading US universities.

p In the USA over 20 university centres are studying the USSR and other socialist countries and the communist movement. In addition, many universities and colleges have departments and faculties engaged in anti-communism and Sovietology. All are working on various problems of anti- communist strategy.

p The innumerable Zionist organisations in the USA are also helping to devise anti-communist strategy and spread anti-communist propaganda. For instance, the American Jewish League Against Communism pursues the object of drawing Jews into the struggle against communism. Essentially, this is the aim of the United Jewish Appeal and the American Zionist Organisation. Influential Zionist organisations in the USA use the World Jewish Congress and the World Zionist Organisation for anti-Soviet propaganda.

p Altogether there are several hundred anti-communist organisations in the USA, of which over 20 are large centres exercising considerable influence. Various estimates set the aggregate membership of these organisations at from 500,000 to several million.

p Further, neo-fascist anti-communist organisations have been activated in recent years. They are drawing new segments of the population into their ranks and are making attempts to consolidate and organise themselves on a national scale, form a mass political party and seize power.

p One of these attempts is the establishment of the AllAmerican Conference to Combat Communism, an anti- 138 Soviet, anti-communist centre consisting of some 40 organisations. The Conference helps to arrange anti-Soviet and anticommunist congresses, symposiums and seminars at various places, including educational institutions, providing them with rapporteurs and experts on anti-communism.

p Under pressure from the neo-fascist organisations, anticommunism has been introduced as a subject at American secondary schools. These organisations have actively helped to draw up the curriculum for this subject.

p While the research and university centres concentrate on the “scientific” and “ideological” aspects of anti-communism and anti-Sovietism, the neo-fascist organisations endeavour to translate them into practice, in day-to-day life. This is seen not only in the baiting of progressives that erupts into acts of violence and terror, but also in the pressure brought to bear on the government by various means and in attempts to direct foreign policy towards war against communism.

p Despite this “division of labour”, the anti-communist, anti-Soviet centres comprise an interrelated system of agencies striving to bring every citizen of the USA under anti- communist influence and spread this influence to all the countries of the world. By devious ways they are trying to spread anti-communism also in the socialist countries, where their aim is to undermine and destroy communism.

p In the FRG, as in the USA, they are looking for the most effective means of combating communism, with Sovietology being accorded one of the key roles.

p One of the largest organisations involved in this work is the Ostforschung (Eastern Studies), which was founded at the close of the 19th century and consists of a ramified network of over 90 institutes, societies and libraries.

p Money from the CIA, the US monopolies and West German intelligence agencies is used for the maintenance of various centres and associations of emigres from the USSR and other socialist countries, institutions that engage in anticommunist propaganda, and plan and carry out acts of 139 subversion against the socialist community. They include the Volksarbeitsbund in Frankfort on the Main, which publishes more than 30 periodicals specialising in anti-Soviet slander and containing instructions for its agents; the Organisation Ukrainischer Nationalisten in Munich; and Russische PresseAgentur in Frankfort on the Main.

p All the institutions engaged in anti-communism are wellfunded and have large libraries. For instance, the Cologne Institute for the Study of Marxism-Leninism has a library of 20,000 volumes and regularly subscribes for over 700 periodicals in the Soviet Union and other socialist countries, including local Soviet republican and regional newspapers, and a large number of popular-science publications. From Peking the Institute receives innumerable pamphlets, including German language publications, and materials containing information on the divergences between the Communist Party of China and the CPSU.

p Britain, too, is a seat of anti-communism and Sovietology. Although for the scale of their activities the British centres are smaller than the centres in the USA and the FRG, in recent years, as the Sovietologists themselves acknowledge, considerable advances have been made in Sovietology in Britain. The main British centres of anti-communism and Sovietology are the British Council, the British Broadcasting Corporation and the London School of Economics and Political Science.

p All these centres publish special journals printing articles by British, American and West German Sovietologists. What are regarded as the most vital programmes are entrusted to people like the British Sovietologists Leonard Schapiro, Hugh Seton-Watson and Alec Nove.

p There are anti-communist centres in other countries, the most prominent being the Socialist International and the Fourth, Trotskyist, International.

p The activities of all anti-communist centres are directed toward influencing the Soviet people ideologically by various means: by verbal anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda 140 through talks, discussions, radio programmes, and the dissemination of publications, leaflets and other printed matter which is smuggled into the USSR by tourists, members of various delegations or sent by mail. In addition, they make use of exhibitions, film festivals, television broadcasts, scientific and cultural exchanges and exchanges of students.

p To this day the anti-communist centres are active in the attempts of imperialism’s most aggressive forces to prolong the cold war artificially, fanning anti-communist and antiSoviet hysteria and denigrating the Soviet Union’s efforts to relax international tension. For this purpose they use the slanderous anti-Soviet pronouncements and actions of renegades.

Regardless of the character of anti-communist propaganda and the means of conducting it the main objective consistently pursued in imposing monographs prepared at the institutes of Sovietology, in the broadcasts of Radio Free Europe, in leaflets and in verbal pronouncements, is to undermine the moral and political foundations of Soviet society, influence Soviet people in a manner advantageous to imperialism and erode Soviet society. All the attacks by anticommunist propaganda are ultimately aimed at the CPSU, at its leading role in Soviet society.